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horned, red, red dock, ruby dock

Habit Plants annual, rarely biennial [perennial], glabrous or nearly so, with fusiform vertical root.
Stems

branched from base or near base, occasionally simple, slender, 5–50 cm.

Leaves

ocrea deciduous or partially persistent;

blade spatulate, lanceolate, or ovate-lanceolate, 1–5(–8) × (0.5–)1–2.5 cm, base cuneate, rarely rounded, margins normally entire, flat, apex obtuse.

Inflorescences

terminal, simple, racemose, occupying most of stem, interrupted, linear.

Pedicels

usually distinctly heteromorphic (much thickened distally), 4–7(–10) mm;

others less than 4 mm.

Flowers

2–3(–4) in lax clusters (reduced whorls);

inner tepals variable, often heteromorphic, triangular, narrowly triangular, ligulate, or ovate-oblong, (1.5–)2–4(–5) × (0.5–)1–3 mm (excluding teeth), base truncate, margins usually dentate, sometimes entire, apex obtuse or acute, usually not hooked, teeth 2–4(–8), at each side of margins, slender, straight or hooked, 0.3–1 mm;

tubercles absent, or 3, usually represented by minute swellings barely recognizable as tubercles.

Achenes

brown to dark brown, 1.3–2.3 × 0.7–1.4 mm.

2n

= 16.

Rumex bucephalophorus

Phenology Flowering summer.
Habitat Ruderal habitats, ballast grounds
Elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
LA; s Europe; w Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; occasionally introduced in other regions]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Rumex bucephalophorus is a polymorphic species, especially within its native range. K. H. Rechinger (1939, 1964) and J. R. Press (1988) recognized several subspecies, but no attempt has been made to distinguish infraspecific taxa among the limited North American materials. This species occurs in the flora area as an uncommon, casual alien. It has the potential to naturalize in the southern United States, especially in coastal regions from the Carolinas to Texas, and in California.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 5, p. 532.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Rumex > subg. Platypodium
Sibling taxa
R. acetosa, R. acetosella, R. alpinus, R. altissimus, R. arcticus, R. beringensis, R. britannica, R. brownii, R. californicus, R. chrysocarpus, R. confertus, R. conglomeratus, R. crassus, R. crispus, R. cristatus, R. cuneifolius, R. densiflorus, R. dentatus, R. ellipticus, R. fascicularis, R. floridanus, R. fueginus, R. graminifolius, R. hastatulus, R. hesperius, R. hymenosepalus, R. kerneri, R. krausei, R. lacustris, R. lapponicus, R. longifolius, R. maritimus, R. mexicanus, R. nematopodus, R. obovatus, R. obtusifolius, R. occidentalis, R. orthoneurus, R. pallidus, R. palustris, R. paraguayensis, R. patientia, R. paucifolius, R. persicarioides, R. praecox, R. pseudonatronatus, R. pulcher, R. pycnanthus, R. salicifolius, R. sanguineus, R. sibiricus, R. spiralis, R. stenophyllus, R. subarcticus, R. thyrsiflorus, R. tomentellus, R. transitorius, R. triangulivalvis, R. utahensis, R. venosus, R. verticillatus, R. violascens
Synonyms Bucephalophora aculeata, Lapathum bucephalophorum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 336. (1753)
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