Rubus ulmifolius |
Rubus occidentalis |
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elm-leaf blackberry |
black raspberry, framboisier noir |
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Habit | Shrubs, 30–50 dm, unarmed or armed. | Shrubs, 5–25 dm, armed. |
Stems | biennial, erect, then arching, usually moderately, rarely sparsely, hairy hairs stellate, eglandular, strongly pruinose; prickles absent or sparse to dense, erect to hooked, stout, 3–10 mm, broad-based. |
biennial, erect, primocanes and floricanes later over-arching, glabrous or sparsely puberulent, eglandular, strongly pruinose; prickles sometimes sparse, erect or hooked, narrow to stout, 4–8 mm, narrow- to broad-based. |
Leaves | persistent or nearly so, ternate to palmately compound; stipules filiform to linear, 4–12 mm; leaflets 3–5, terminal ovate, elliptic, or suborbiculate to obovate, 4–10 × 2–6(–9) cm, base rounded to cuneate, unlobed, margins finely to moderately serrate, apex acute or acuminate to attenuate, abaxial surfaces with hooked prickles on larger veins, densely white short-velutinous, hairs usually minute, eglandular. |
deciduous, ternate or palmately compound; stipules filiform, 5–10 mm; petiole usually armed with prickles; petiolules of terminal leaflets also sometimes armed; lateral leaflets sessile or subsessile; leaflets 3(–5), terminal ovate to lanceolate, 5–14 × 3–11 cm, base rounded to cordate, unlobed or laterals sometimes lobed, margins finely to doubly serrate, apex acute, abaxial surfaces sometimes with hooked prickles on midveins, densely white-canescent to tomentose, eglandular. |
Inflorescences | terminal, 10–60-flowered, paniculiform or thyrsiform. |
(2–)3–7(–20)-flowered, cymiform or umbelliform. |
Pedicels | unarmed or prickles moderate to dense, erect to hooked, densely short-hairy, eglandular. |
prickles erect, hooked, puberulent to pubescent, eglandular. |
Flowers | bisexual; petals usually pink, sometimes white, obovate or elliptic to suborbiculate, 5–12 mm; filaments filiform; ovaries apically hairy. |
bisexual; petals initially erect, later ascending, white, narrowly obovate to elliptic, 5–10 mm, apex sometimes emarginate; filaments laminar; ovaries tomentose. |
Fruits | black, globose to ovoid, 1–1.5 cm; drupelets 10–40, strongly coherent, separating with torus attached. |
usually dark purplish to black, rarely amber, pruinose, aromatic, depressed-globose, 1–1.5 cm; drupelets 20–50, coherent, separating from torus. |
2n | = 14. |
= 14. |
Rubus ulmifolius |
Rubus occidentalis |
|
Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | Flowering late Apr–Jul. |
Habitat | Woodland edges, open areas, disturbed areas, moist soil | Woodlands, fields, prairies, meadows, savannas, in disturbed areas, dry to moist soil |
Elevation | 0–500 m (0–1600 ft) | 0–1000 m (0–3300 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; NJ; NV; OR; WA; s Europe; c Europe; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America]
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AL; AR; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; ON; QC
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Discussion | Rubus ulmifolius can be distinguished, especially from the closely related R. bifrons and R. vestitus, by its strongly pruinose stems, finely serrate leaflets, and lack of glands throughout. Unlike R. ulmifolius, strongly pruinose native Rubus species lack relatively large and showy pink petals. Some new stems developing from tip-rooting, and early leaves on such stems (especially in shade), are not whitened abaxially and are tomentose. Such unusual stems develop typical leaves and surfaces in parts formed later. There has been nomenclatural confusion over unarmed plants of Rubus ulmifolius (see E. Monasterio-Huelin and H. E. Weber 1996). Rubus inermis Willdenow is an illegitimate later homonym of R. inermis Pourret, and the type specimens for both names are of poor-quality. If an unarmed variety of R. ulmifolius is to be recognized, such as occurs in California, the name var. anoplothyrsus Sudre should be used instead of var. inermis (Willdenow) Focke. Rubus ulmifolius is attractive and is potentially weedy but relatively uncommon, found primarily in coastal California from the San Francisco Bay region southward. It probably no longer persists in New Jersey, last collected there in 1897, and it is rare in Nevada and Oregon. Rubus ulmifolius likely hybridizes with R. bifrons where they co-occur; it is one of relatively few diploid and sexually reproducing species of European blackberries. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Rubus occidentalis is the source of most of the black raspberries in cultivation. See 13b. R. idaeus subsp. strigosus for discussion of application of the name R. neglectus. Also, see 17. R. leucodermis for a discussion of its taxonomic closeness. The morphologically similar species R. eriocarpus Liebmann is known from southern Mexico and Central America, and R. pringlei Rydberg is known from Mexico and Guatemala. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 54. | FNA vol. 9, p. 46. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | R. discolor, R. ulmifolius var. anoplothyrsus | |
Name authority | Schott: Isis (Oken) 1818: 821. (1818) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 493. (1753) |
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