Rubus nivalis |
Rubus idaeus |
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dwarf snow bramble, snow bramble, snow dewberry, snow dwarf bramble, snow raspberry |
American red raspberry, common red raspberry, framboisier, nagoonberry, North American red raspberry, red raspberry, western red raspberry |
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Habit | Shrubs, to 1.5 dm, armed. | Shrubs, 5–25 dm, armed or unarmed. | ||||
Stems | perennial, creeping, sparsely hairy, glabrescent, eglandular, not pruinose; prickles sparse, strongly retrorse, stout, to 1 mm, broad-based. |
biennial, erect, glabrescent, eglandular or stipitate-glandular, strongly pruinose; prickles absent or sparse to dense, erect, weak, 1–4 mm, broad-based; bristles present or absent. |
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Leaves | evergreen, simple or ternate; stipules adnate to petioles, broadly elliptic to ovate, (6–)8–10 mm; blade ovate to cordate, (2.5–)3–5(–8) cm, lobe or leaflet base cordate, shallowly 3-lobed, margins coarsely, singly or doubly dentate, apex acute to obtuse, abaxial surfaces with prickles along midveins, glabrous or sparsely hairy, eglandular, both surfaces lustrous fresh. |
deciduous, pinnately compound; stipules filiform, 5–10 mm; petiole unarmed or with prickles, strigose or glabrous, glandular or eglandular; terminal leaflets petiolulate, lateral sessile or subsessile; leaflets 3–5(–7), terminal ovate to lanceolate, 7–15 × 4–11 cm, base rounded to cordate, unlobed or 2-lobed, margins serrate to doubly serrate, apex acute to attenuate, abaxial surfaces unarmed or with prickles, strongly white-tomentose, eglandular or glandular. |
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Inflorescences | 1–2-flowered. |
terminal and axillary, (1–)3–7(–20)-flowered, racemiform. |
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Pedicels | prickles scattered, retrorse, moderately to densely hairy, eglandular. |
unarmed or prickles sparse, hooked, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, stipitate-glandular or eglandular. |
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Flowers | bisexual; petals magenta to pink, elliptic to oblanceolate or spatulate, (5–)8–10 mm; filaments filiform; ovaries moderately hairy, styles glabrous. |
bisexual; petals white to greenish white, spatulate to obovate, 5–10 mm; filaments filiform or slightly dilated basally; ovaries pubescent. |
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Fruits | red, hemispheric, 0.4–1 cm; drupelets 3–10, not coherent, separating from torus. |
usually red to whitish, rarely amber, globose to conic, 0.5–2 cm; drupelets 10–60, coherent, separating from torus. |
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2n | = 14. |
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Rubus nivalis |
Rubus idaeus |
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Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | |||||
Habitat | Moist, semishaded forests, glades, moist soil, logged areas | |||||
Elevation | 0–1700 m (0–5600 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
CA; ID; OR; WA; BC
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AK; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Mexico; Eurasia; Africa
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Discussion | Rubus nivalis is recognized by its creeping, prickly stems, simple to ternate, evergreen leaves, broadly elliptic to ovate stipules, two leaflets, relatively small flowers, and magenta to pink petals. Its closest relative is likely the Mexican R. pumilus Focke. Asian species previously classified in subg. Chamaebatus (Focke) Focke are hexaploid (M. M. Thompson 1997) and not phylogenetically close; R. nivalis appears to be sister to all blackberries of subg. Rubus (L. A. Alice and C. S. Campbell 1999; Alice et al. 2008). The fruits of Rubus nivalis are eaten fresh, stewed, and canned by the Hoh and Quileute Indians (A. B. Reagan 1936). The only known specimen of Rubus nivalis from California was collected in 1961 from Del Norte County at 1250 m near the Oregon border. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora). Rubus idaeus is the source of most of the cultivated red and amber raspberries. Plants were used by the Cherokee, Cree, and others as a parturient; an infusion of dried leaves in water was used to prepare the uterus for childbirth and help women recover after childbirth (D. E. Moerman 1998; D. Hoffman 2003). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 45. | FNA vol. 9, p. 42. | ||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Rubeae > Rubus | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Rubeae > Rubus | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Name authority | Douglas: in W. J. Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 181. (1832) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 492. (1753) | ||||
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