Rosa canina |
Rosa sect. Caninae |
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dog rose, rosier des chiens |
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Habit | Shrubs, arching, not rhizomatous. | Shrubs, compact, usually forming thickets; rhizomatous, rhizomes absent or relatively short. | ||||||||||||||||
Stems | usually erect to sprawling, 10–25(–50) dm; distal branches arching, bark green; infrastipular prickles paired, curved or appressed, 6–7 × 4–9 mm, lengths ± uniform, internodal prickles rare, single, rarely absent. |
erect, arching, or spreading, 7–30(–50) dm; distal branches glabrous, eglandular; infrastipular prickles paired or single, curved or appressed, rarely erect, flattened, stout, internodal prickles rare, smaller, or aciculi, sometimes absent. |
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Leaves | deciduous, 6–11 cm; stipules 10–22 × 3–5 mm, auricles 3–5 mm, margins stipitate-glandular or eglandular, surfaces glabrous, eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular; petiole and rachis sometimes with pricklets, glabrous, eglandular; leaflets 5–7, terminal: petiolule 5–11 mm, blade ovate, obovate, or elliptic, 15–40 × 12–20 mm, base obtuse to slightly cuneate, margins 1- or multi-serrate, teeth 20–30 per side, apex acute, sometimes acuminate, abaxial surfaces glabrous, rarely pubescent or tomentose on midveins, eglandular, adaxial dark green to green, lustrous to dull, glabrous, rarely tomentose. |
deciduous, rarely persistent, 4–11(–18) cm, membranous to leathery; stipules persistent, adnate to petiole, auricles flared, margins entire, rarely slightly crenate, sometimes densely glandular-ciliate, stipitate-glandular or eglandular; leaflets 5–7(–9), terminal: petiolule 5–17(–40) mm, blade ovate, obovate, orbiculate, or elliptic, sometimes oval or ovate-lanceolate, 10–45(–65) × 8–30(–50) mm, abaxial surfaces pubescent or tomentose (sometimes on midveins) or glabrous, eglandular or glandular, with or without resinous glands, adaxial pale, light, or dark green, sometimes glaucous, lustrous to dull, tomentulose or pubescent, sometimes glabrous. |
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Inflorescences | panicles, sometimes corymbs, solitary, sometimes 2 or 3(–7)-flowered. |
panicles, sometimes corymbs, 1–4(–7)-flowered. |
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Pedicels | erect to reflexed as hips mature, 8–20 mm, eglandular or stipitate-glandular; bracts 2, ovate-lanceolate, 6–18 × 4–5 mm, margins glandular-serrate, abaxial surfaces puberulent, adaxial surfaces glabrous, eglandular. |
erect or reflexed, stout, (5–)11–20(–35) mm, glabrous, eglandular or stipitate-glandular; bracts persistent, 1 or 2, margins glandular-serrate or stipitate- or ciliate-glandular. |
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Flowers | 3.5–5 cm diam.; hypanthium narrowly urceolate, 7–9 × 3–6 mm, eglandular, neck 2–3 × 1–2 mm; sepals appressed-reflexed, spreading, or erect, ovate-lanceolate, 10–17 × 3–5 mm, margins deeply pinnatifid, tip 4–6 × 0.5 mm, abaxially eglandular; petals rose, pink, or white, sweet-scented, 18–25 × 15–18 mm; carpels 26–36, styles villous, exsert 1–2 mm beyond stylar orifice (0.7–1.5 mm diam.) of hypanthial disc (4–5 mm diam.). |
2.5–5 cm diam.; hypanthium globose, ovoid, obovoid, oblong, or urceolate, glabrous, usually eglandular, base sometimes stipitate- or setose-glandular; sepals persistent or deciduous, appressed-reflexed, spreading, or erect, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 10–25 × 2–5 mm, margins (outer) often deeply pinnatifid, abaxial surfaces glabrous, eglandular, densely glandular, or stipitate-glandular; petals single, pink or rose, rarely white; carpels 25–65, styles free, lanate or villous, rarely glabrous, stylar orifice 1–2.5(–3.5) mm diam., hypanthial disc flat or conic, 2–5 mm diam. |
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Hips | red, globose, ovoid, urceolate, or ellipsoid, 10–16(–24) × 6–16 mm, glabrous, eglandular; sepals deciduous as hips mature, reflexed. |
red to purplish or orange, globose, depressed-globose, obovoid, ovoid, oblong, urceolate, ellipsoid, or pyriform, 10–25 × 6–22 mm, glabrous, sometimes setose, eglandular or stipitate-glandular; sepals deciduous or persistent, spreading, reflexed, or erect. |
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Achenes | 14–23, tan, 5–6 × 3–3.5 mm. |
basiparietal. |
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2n | = 35. |
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Rosa canina |
Rosa sect. Caninae |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Jul. | |||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Foothills, woodlands, along roads and railways, abandoned homesteads, riparian habitats | |||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–700 m [0–2300 ft] | |||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; ID; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; NC; NE; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; TN; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; QC; Europe; wc Asia (Turkmenistan); n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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Europe; Asia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, Central America, South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia] |
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Discussion | Rosa canina occurs sporadically throughout Canada and the United States in disturbed areas. Shrubs lack rhizomes and have arching stems with paired or single curved infrastipular prickles all more or less uniform in length. Sepals (abaxially), stipules, petioles, rachises, pedicels, blades (abaxially, except some veins), hypanthia, and hips are all glabrous and most are also eglandular. W. J. Bean (1970–1988) cited Rosa canina var. corymbifera (Borkhousen) Rouy, R. canina var. dumetorum (Thuillier) Baker, and R. dumetorum as synonyms of R. corymbifera, and that treatment is followed here. Moderate evidence exists for the efficacy of powdered achenes and hip receptacles of Rosa canina to treat patients suffering from osteoarthritis, specifically of the knee and hip (K. Winther et al. 2005; C. Chrubasik et al. 2006). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 20 (5 in the flora). All species of sect. Caninae are polyploid, mostly pentaploid (2n = 35), but also triploid (2n = 21) and tetraploid (2n = 28) or all three polyploid levels for a single species, with a hemisexual, matroclinal (maternal) reproduction unlike that known for any other flowering plant (H. Nybom et al. 2000). In addition, unknown elsewhere in Rosa, apomixis appears to occur to a limited extent among Caninae species, which complicates further their reproductive anomaly (G. Werlemark 2000). Even though over 350 taxa have been described in the section, the relatively few species now recognized are highly complex groups of microspecies, and the authors agree with the editors of W. J. Bean (1970–1988, vol. 4) that no attempt should be made in modern floristic works to take account of every character-state combination. Further, those editors believed that the species of Caninae are cryptohybrids, that is, they are all products of ancient hybridizations between species that no longer exist, at least not in their primitive states. In addition to the species treated here, Rosa obtusifolia Desvaux is marginally naturalized in California, New Mexico, and Virginia; it differs from R. canina in having hairy leaflets that are usually glandular abaxially. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 90. | FNA vol. 9, p. 89. | ||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | R. corymbifera, R. dumetorum, R. montezumae | |||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 491. (1753) | de Candolle ex Seringe: Mus. Helv. Bot. 1: 3. (1818) | ||||||||||||||||
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