The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

western buttercup

renoncule aquatique, water buttercup, water crowfoot, white water butter cup, white water crowfoot, white water crowsfoot, white western buttercup

Roots

never tuberous.

Stems

erect to reclining, not rooting nodally, hirsute or sometimes pilose or glabrous, base not bulbous.

glabrous.

Leaves

laminate and filiform-dissected; laminate leaf blades reniform, 3-parted, 0.4-1.1 × 0.7-2.3 cm, segments obovate or fan-shaped, shallowly cleft, margins crenate;

filiform-dissected leaves with stipules gradually tapering upward, connate for their whole length.

Basal leaf blades

broadly ovate to semicircular or reniform in outline, 3-parted or -foliolate, 1.5-5.3 × 2.2-8 cm, segments usually again 1(-2)×-lobed, ultimate segments oblong or elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, margins dentate (sometimes dentate-lobulate or entire), apex acute to rounded-obtuse.

Flowers

receptacle glabrous;

sepals reflexed 2-3 mm above base, 4-7(-9) × 2-4 mm, hirsute;

petals 5-14, yellow, 5-13 × 1.5-8 mm.

receptacle hispid, rarely glabrous;

sepals spreading or reflexed, 2-4 × 1-2 mm, glabrous;

petals 5, 4-7 × 1-5 mm;

style 0.1-0.8 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

usually recurved.

Heads of achenes

hemispheric, 3-7 × 5-9 mm;

achenes 2.6-3.6(-4.8) × 1.8-3(-3.2) mm, glabrous, rarely hispid, margin forming narrow rib 0.1-0.2 mm wide;

beak persistent, lanceolate to lance-subulate, straight or curved, 0.4-2.2 mm.

hemispheric to ovoid, 2-4 × 2-5 mm;

achenes 1-2 × 0.8-1.4 mm, glabrous or hispid;

beak persistent, filiform, 0.1-1.2 mm.

Ranunculus occidentalis

Ranunculus aquatilis

Distribution
from FNA
AK; CA; NV; OR; WA; AB; BC; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Eurasia
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 7

The seeds of Ranunculus occidentalis were eaten by some Californian Indians. D. E. Moerman (1986) identified this taxon as an Aleut poison: juice of the flowers could be slipped into food to poison the person who ate it.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

Ranunculus aquatilis is very variable. In the past it has often been treated as three or four species and many varieties. These segregate taxa have been based on the size, petiolation and rigidity of the leaves (now known to be primarily under environmental control), petal size and curvature of the fruiting pedicel (both sometimes variable along single stem), and number of achenes per head and length of achene beak (which vary continuously and are not correlated with one another). Unless reliable characters can be found, only two of the taxa recognized in older floras can be maintained.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Petals 8-14; Queen Charlotte Islands, B.C.
var. hexasepalus
1. Petals 5-6; widespread.
→ 2
2. Stem 4-8 mm thick; beak of achene 1.8-2.4 mm, curved; coastal Alaska.
var. nelsonii
2. Stem 1-3(-4) mm thick; beak of achene either 0.4-1.4 mm and curved, or 1.2-2.2 mm and straight; widespread.
→ 3
3. Beak of achene straight, 1.2-2.2 mm; Oregon and northernmost California.
→ 4
3. Beak of achene curved, 0.4-1.4 mm; widespread.
→ 5
4. Ultimate segments of leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate.
var. dissectus
4. Ultimate segments of leaves elliptic.
var. howellii
5. Petals 1.5-2.5 mm wide; beak of achene 0.4-1.2 mm; stems ± reclining; Sierra Nevada, above 1000m.
var. ultramontanus
5. Petals 3-8 mm wide; beak of achene (0.6-)1-1.4 mm; stems erect or reclining; widespread.
→ 6
6. Stems pilose or glabrous; Alaska to c British Columbia and Alberta.
var. brevistylis
6. Stems hirsute, sometimes glabrous; California to sw British Columbia.
var. occidentalis
1. Leaves of 2 types: laminate and filiform-dissected; w North America.
var. aquatilis
1. Leaves all filiform-dissected; widespread.
var. diffusus
Source FNA vol. 3. FNA vol. 3.
Parent taxa Ranunculaceae > Ranunculus > subg. Ranunculus > sect. Ranunculus Ranunculaceae > Ranunculus > subg. Batrachium
Sibling taxa
R. abortivus, R. acriformis, R. acris, R. adoneus, R. alismifolius, R. allegheniensis, R. allenii, R. ambigens, R. andersonii, R. aquatilis, R. arizonicus, R. arvensis, R. auricomus, R. austro-oreganus, R. bonariensis, R. bulbosus, R. californicus, R. canus, R. cardiophyllus, R. cooleyae, R. cymbalaria, R. eschscholtzii, R. fascicularis, R. fasciculatus, R. ficaria, R. flabellaris, R. flammula, R. gelidus, R. glaberrimus, R. glacialis, R. gmelinii, R. gormanii, R. harveyi, R. hebecarpus, R. hederaceus, R. hispidus, R. hydrocharoides, R. hyperboreus, R. hystriculus, R. inamoenus, R. jovis, R. kamtschaticus, R. lapponicus, R. laxicaulis, R. lobbii, R. macauleyi, R. macounii, R. macranthus, R. marginatus, R. micranthus, R. muricatus, R. nivalis, R. oresterus, R. orthorhynchus, R. pacificus, R. pallasii, R. parviflorus, R. pedatifidus, R. pensylvanicus, R. platensis, R. populago, R. pusillus, R. pygmaeus, R. ranunculinus, R. recurvatus, R. repens, R. rhomboideus, R. sabinei, R. sardous, R. sceleratus, R. sulphureus, R. testiculatus, R. trilobus, R. triternatus, R. turneri, R. uncinatus
R. abortivus, R. acriformis, R. acris, R. adoneus, R. alismifolius, R. allegheniensis, R. allenii, R. ambigens, R. andersonii, R. arizonicus, R. arvensis, R. auricomus, R. austro-oreganus, R. bonariensis, R. bulbosus, R. californicus, R. canus, R. cardiophyllus, R. cooleyae, R. cymbalaria, R. eschscholtzii, R. fascicularis, R. fasciculatus, R. ficaria, R. flabellaris, R. flammula, R. gelidus, R. glaberrimus, R. glacialis, R. gmelinii, R. gormanii, R. harveyi, R. hebecarpus, R. hederaceus, R. hispidus, R. hydrocharoides, R. hyperboreus, R. hystriculus, R. inamoenus, R. jovis, R. kamtschaticus, R. lapponicus, R. laxicaulis, R. lobbii, R. macauleyi, R. macounii, R. macranthus, R. marginatus, R. micranthus, R. muricatus, R. nivalis, R. occidentalis, R. oresterus, R. orthorhynchus, R. pacificus, R. pallasii, R. parviflorus, R. pedatifidus, R. pensylvanicus, R. platensis, R. populago, R. pusillus, R. pygmaeus, R. ranunculinus, R. recurvatus, R. repens, R. rhomboideus, R. sabinei, R. sardous, R. sceleratus, R. sulphureus, R. testiculatus, R. trilobus, R. triternatus, R. turneri, R. uncinatus
Subordinate taxa
R. occidentalis var. brevistylis, R. occidentalis var. dissectus, R. occidentalis var. hexasepalus, R. occidentalis var. howellii, R. occidentalis var. nelsonii, R. occidentalis var. occidentalis, R. occidentalis var. ultramontanus
R. aquatilis var. aquatilis, R. aquatilis var. diffusus
Synonyms Batrachium aquatile
Name authority Nuttall: in J. Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 22. (1838) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 556. (1753)
Web links