Ranunculus aquatilis |
Ranunculus arvensis |
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renoncule aquatique, water buttercup, water crowfoot, white water butter cup, white water crowfoot, white water crowsfoot, white western buttercup |
corn buttercup, devil-on-all-sides, field buttercup, hungerweed |
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Stems | glabrous. |
erect or ascending, sparsely pilose. |
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Leaves | laminate and filiform-dissected; laminate leaf blades reniform, 3-parted, 0.4-1.1 × 0.7-2.3 cm, segments obovate or fan-shaped, shallowly cleft, margins crenate; filiform-dissected leaves with stipules gradually tapering upward, connate for their whole length. |
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Flowers | receptacle hispid, rarely glabrous; sepals spreading or reflexed, 2-4 × 1-2 mm, glabrous; petals 5, 4-7 × 1-5 mm; style 0.1-0.8 mm. |
pedicellate; receptacle sparsely hispid; sepals 5, spreading, 4-7 × 1-2 mm, strigose; petals 5, 5-8 × 2-4 mm. |
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Fruiting pedicels | usually recurved. |
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Heads of achenes | hemispheric to ovoid, 2-4 × 2-5 mm; achenes 1-2 × 0.8-1.4 mm, glabrous or hispid; beak persistent, filiform, 0.1-1.2 mm. |
discoid, 8-9 mm across; achenes 5-8 per head, 4-6.4 × 2.8-4.4 mm, faces and margin covered with long spines, glabrous; beak lance-subulate, straight, 1.6-3.8 mm. |
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Basal | and lower cauline leaf blades obovate to rhombic in outline, 3-parted or 3(-5)-foliolate, 1.8-5.2 × 1.6-4.2 cm, leaflets oblanceolate or divided into oblanceolate or linear segments, leaflet base narrowly acuminate, margins entire or distally dentate, apex rounded or acuminate. |
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Ranunculus aquatilis |
Ranunculus arvensis |
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Phenology | Flowering spring (Mar–Jun). | |||||
Habitat | Grasslands, ephemeral pools, disturbed areas | |||||
Elevation | 0-1200 m (0-3900 ft) | |||||
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Eurasia
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AR; CA; DC; GA; ID; IL; KS; LA; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OR; PA; SC; TN; UT; WA; South America; native to Eurasia; Pacific Islands; Australia [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Ranunculus aquatilis is very variable. In the past it has often been treated as three or four species and many varieties. These segregate taxa have been based on the size, petiolation and rigidity of the leaves (now known to be primarily under environmental control), petal size and curvature of the fruiting pedicel (both sometimes variable along single stem), and number of achenes per head and length of achene beak (which vary continuously and are not correlated with one another). Unless reliable characters can be found, only two of the taxa recognized in older floras can be maintained. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 3. | FNA vol. 3. | ||||
Parent taxa | Ranunculaceae > Ranunculus > subg. Batrachium | Ranunculaceae > Ranunculus > subg. Ranunculus > sect. Echinella | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Batrachium aquatile | R. arvensis var. tuberculatus | ||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 556. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 555. (1753) | ||||
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