Flora of North America species comparison

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Quercus ellipsoidalis

Fagaceae

Hill's oak, Jack oak, northern pin oak

beech family, oak family
Habit Trees, deciduous, to 20 m; lower trunk often with stubs of dead branches. Trees or shrubs, evergreen or deciduous, shrubs sometimes rhizomatous.
Bark

dark gray-brown, shallowly fissured, inner bark orangish.

Twigs

dark reddish brown, (1-)1.5-3 mm diam., glabrous.

Leaves

blade elliptic, 70-130 × 50-100 mm, base obtuse to truncate, margins with 5-7 deep lobes and 15-55 awns, lobes distally expanded, sinuses usually extending more than 1/2 distance to midrib, apex acute;

surfaces abaxially glabrous except for minute axillary tufts of tomentum, adaxially glossy light green, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces.

blade lobed or unlobed, pinnately veined, margins serrate, dentate, or entire;

surfaces usually pubescent, at least when young, sometimes with scales.
Inflorescences

unisexual or androgynous catkins; staminate and androgynous catkins spicate or capitate, rigid, flexible, or lax, consisting of few- to many-flowered clusters, bracts present or absent; pistillate catkins rigid or flexible, with 1-several spicately arranged, rarely solitary, terminal cupules bearing 1-3(-15 or more) pistillate flowers.
Staminate flowers

bracteate, bracts often caducous;

sepals (3-)4-6(-8);

stamens (3-)6-12(-18 or more);

petals absent;

anthers 2-locular, dehiscing by longitudinal slits, pollen sacs contiguous;

pistillode often present and indurate, or vestigial as central tuft of trichomes.
Pistillate flowers

calyx of 4-6 distinct or connate sepals;

petals absent;

pistil 1, 3(-6 or more)-carpellate;

ovary inferior, locules as many as carpels;

placentation axile;

ovules pendulous, 2 in each locule, all but 1 in each pistil usually aborting;

styles as many as carpels, distinct to base;

stigmas dry;

staminodes present or absent.
Fruits

nuts, sometimes winged, 1-seeded, subtended or enclosed individually or in groups of 2-3(-15) by scaly or spiny, multibracteate cupule;

seed coat membranous;

endosperm none;

embryo straight, as long as seed;

cotyledons fleshy, starchy or oily.
Acorns

biennial;

cup narrowly turbinate to deeply cup-shaped, 6-11 mm high × 10-19 mm wide, covering 1/3-1/2 nut, outer surface reddish brown, puberulent, inner surface light brown, glabrous, rarely with ring of pubescence around scar, scales with straight or slightly concave margins, tips tightly appressed, obtuse or acute;

nut ellipsoid to ovoid, rarely subglobose, 10-20 × 9-15 mm, occasionally striate, glabrous, occasionally with 1 or more faint rings of fine pits at apex, scar diam. 4-8 mm.

Terminal

buds dark reddish brown, ovoid, 3-5 mm, often conspicuously 5-angled in cross section, usually silvery- or tawny-pubescent toward apex.

Winter

buds sessile, with few to many imbricate scales (2 valvate scales enclosing imbricate scales in Castanea);

terminal bud present or absent.

Quercus ellipsoidalis

Fagaceae
Phenology Flowering spring.
Habitat Dry sandy sites, rarely on moderately mesic slopes or uplands
Elevation 150-500 m (500-1600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
IA; IL; IN; MI; MN; OH; WI; ON
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Widespread; often dominant forest trees in temperate; subtropical; and tropical areas; mostly Northern Hemisphere
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

In many treatments (e.g., E. G. Voss 1972+, vol. 2), Quercus ellipsoidalis is included in Q. coccinea. Variation in fruit morphology has led to recognition of several formae (W. Trelease 1919; see also R. J. Jensen 1986) and one variety (Q. ellipsoidalis var. kaposianensis, based on specimens from St. Paul, Minnesota, in which the cup tightly encloses the nut for two-thirds its length at maturity).

Quercus ellipsoidalis reportedly hybridizes with Q. rubra and Q. velutina.

The Menominee used Quercus ellipsoidalis medicinally to treat suppressed menses caused by cold (D. E. Moerman 1986).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera 9, species probably 600-800 (5 genera, 97 species, and numerous hybrids in the flora).

In the Western Hemisphere, Fagaceae are found from southern Canada to Colombia; they are absent or infrequent in most of the northern Great Plains and northern Rocky Mountain region.

Fagaceae are one of the most important families of Northern Hemisphere woody plants in terms of total biomass and economic use. They are widely used for lumber, firewood, and horticultural plantings; the nuts are often used for animal fodder and, in some species, for human food (particularly Castanea). As dominants in forests, woodlands, and chaparral, native stands of fagaceous trees and shrubs provide optimal wildlife habitat, often harboring an exceptionally diverse insect fauna. Most of the diversity of the family in the Western Hemisphere is concentrated in the genus Quercus, with the greatest number of species in Mexico (at least 125 species), and a secondary area of diversity in the southeastern United States.

Polyploidy has not been reported in any natural populations of species of Fagaceae. Natural interspecific hybridization is common in the family, particularly in Quercus, and also in Castanea and Lithocarpus.

The most important diagnostic feature of Fagaceae is the cupule, which occurs as the cup or cap of the acorn in Quercus and Lithocarpus and the spiny bur that surrounds the fruits of Castanea and Chrysolepis. The cupule is sometimes referred to as an involuc involucre, however, is made up of bracts, while the cupule has been shown to be a complex structure that is interpreted as an indurated, condensed, partial inflorescence formed by fusion of stem axes with several orders of branching, bearing bracts that are modified as scales and/or spines (see B. S. Fey and P. K. Endress 1983).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Fruits acorns, acorn a solitary nut, circular in cross section, at least partially covered by scaly cup, cup unlobed, without visible sutures or valves; scales not noticeably spinose; nut not completely enclosed by cup at maturity (except in Quercus lyrata).
→ 2
1. Fruits of 1-several nuts, nut usually 3-angled or rounded-angular in cross section, enclosed in spiny or prickled cupule; cupule valves 2-4(-8+), distinct or marginally connate along sutures, these ±completely enveloping nut(s) until maturity.
→ 3
2. Cup scales strongly reflexed, hooked at tip; staminate and androgynous inflorescences erect or ascending, rigid or flexible, often appearing terminal and branched
Lithocarpus
2. Cup scales various, or if somewhat reflexed (rarely), then not noticeably hooked at tip; staminate inflorescences lax, axillary or clustered near base of new growth; androgynous inflorescences absent
Quercus
3. Spines/scales of cupule unbranched, stout, not obscuring surface of cupule; inflorescences unisexual (staminate below pistillate on same branch); pistillate flowers (and fruits) typically 2 per cupule; staminate inflorescences lax, loosely capitate; nut sharply angular, slightly winged
Fagus
3. Spines of cupule branched, interlocking and usually obscuring surface of cupule; inflorescences staminate and androgynous (staminate below androgynous on same twig); pistillate flowers (and fruits) 1-3 or many per cupule (rarely but not consistently 2); staminate inflorescences spicate, rigid or flexible; nut angular or rounded, not winged.
→ 4
4. Plants evergreen; leaves thick, leathery, margins entire (rarely spinose in sprouts), secondary veins obscure, not strongly parallel; adjacent nuts separated from each other by internal cupule valves; bud scales imbricate; spines of cupule without simple hairs, with large, yellowish, multicellular glands; styles
Chrysolepis
4. Plants winter-deciduous; leaves thin, somewhat leathery, secondary veins prominent, parallel, ending in prominent marginal teeth or awns; adjacent nuts not separated by cupule valves within cupule; buds with 2 unequal opposite outer scales that cover several imbricate inner scales; spines of cupule densely or sparsely with simple hairs; styles 6 or more
Castanea
Source FNA vol. 3. FNA vol. 3, p. 436. Author: Kevin C. Nixon.
Parent taxa Fagaceae > Quercus > sect. Lobatae
Sibling taxa
Q. acerifolia, Q. agrifolia, Q. ajoensis, Q. alba, Q. arizonica, Q. arkansana, Q. austrina, Q. berberidifolia, Q. bicolor, Q. boyntonii, Q. buckleyi, Q. carmenensis, Q. chapmanii, Q. chihuahuensis, Q. chrysolepis, Q. coccinea, Q. cornelius-mulleri, Q. depressipes, Q. douglasii, Q. dumosa, Q. durata, Q. emoryi, Q. engelmannii, Q. falcata, Q. fusiformis, Q. gambelii, Q. garryana, Q. geminata, Q. georgiana, Q. graciliformis, Q. gravesii, Q. grisea, Q. havardii, Q. hemisphaerica, Q. hinckleyi, Q. hypoleucoides, Q. ilicifolia, Q. imbricaria, Q. incana, Q. inopina, Q. intricata, Q. john-tuckeri, Q. kelloggii, Q. laceyi, Q. laevis, Q. laurifolia, Q. lobata, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. margarettae, Q. marilandica, Q. michauxii, Q. minima, Q. mohriana, Q. montana, Q. muehlenbergii, Q. myrtifolia, Q. nigra, Q. oblongifolia, Q. oglethorpensis, Q. pacifica, Q. pagoda, Q. palmeri, Q. palustris, Q. phellos, Q. polymorpha, Q. prinoides, Q. pumila, Q. pungens, Q. robur, Q. robusta, Q. rubra, Q. rugosa, Q. sadleriana, Q. shumardii, Q. similis, Q. sinuata, Q. stellata, Q. tardifolia, Q. texana, Q. tomentella, Q. toumeyi, Q. turbinella, Q. vacciniifolia, Q. vaseyana, Q. velutina, Q. viminea, Q. virginiana, Q. wislizenii
Subordinate taxa
Castanea, Chrysolepis, Fagus, Lithocarpus, Quercus
Synonyms Q. ellipsoidalis var. kaposianensis
Name authority E. J. Hill: Bot. Gaz. 27: 204, plates 2, 3. (1899) Dumortier
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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