The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

firethorn

Formosa firethorn, Taiwan firethorn

Habit Shrubs, spreading or partially reclining, 5–60 dm. Plants 5–40 dm.
Stems

1–3+, erect or divergent, straight or geniculate;

bark grayish, thin, smooth, becoming slightly fissured; long and short shoots present, leafy;

thorns present (commonly on short shoots); glabrous or tomentose.

thorns sparse to abundant;

young twigs reddish brown-hairy, glabrescent.

Leaves

persistent or late-deciduous, cauline, fascicled on short shoots, simple;

stipules caducous, free, lanceolate, membranous, margins remotely serrate, glabrous or tomentose;

petiole present;

blade obovate, ovate, oblong-obovate, oblong, or elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–7 cm, leathery, margins flat or slightly revolute, serrulate, crenulate, or entire, venation pinnate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy to densely tomentose when young, often glabrescent later.

stipules 3–8 mm;

petiole 1–3 mm;

blade oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, 2.5–4.5 × 0.5–1.2 cm, base cuneate, margins entire, rarely with minute teeth near apices, apex truncate or retuse, rarely rounded, abaxial surface brown-hairy, becoming glabrate and pale green, not glaucescent, adaxial glabrous.

Inflorescences

terminal, 6–40-flowered, flat-topped panicles, glabrous or tomentose;

bracts present, caducous, lanceolate;

bracteoles present.

3–4 cm diam.

Pedicels

present.

5–12 mm, sparsely brown-hairy.

Flowers

perianth and androecium epigynous, 3–10(–12) mm diam.;

hypanthium campanulate, 2–4 mm diam., exterior glabrous or densely tomentose;

sepals 5, spreading, broadly elliptic or triangular;

petals 5, spreading, white, usually suborbiculate, base slightly clawed;

stamens 15–20, shorter than petals, filaments 2–4 mm;

carpels 5, distinct, adnate to proximal 1/2 of hypanthium, externally glabrous or tomentose, styles terminal, distinct, about equal to stamens;

ovules 2.

8–10 mm diam.;

hypanthium densely hairy;

calyx brown- or yellowish brown-puberulent when young, glabrescent, sepals triangular, 1–1.3 mm, apex acute;

petals suborbiculate, 3–4 mm, apex slightly emarginate.

Fruits

pomes, red or orange-red, rarely yellow, globose, 3–8 mm diam., glabrate;

flesh soft;

hypanthium persistent;

sepals persistent, erect or incurved;

carpels woody;

styles usually persistent.

Pomes

orange-red, 4–7 mm diam.;

pedicels 5–13 mm.

Pyrenes

5.

x

= 17.

Pyracantha

Pyracantha koidzumii

Phenology Flowering Feb–May; fruiting Jul–Feb.
Habitat Disturbed forests, beach bluffs, riparian areas, thickets, roadsides
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; FL; GA; LA; MS; OK; SC; TX; e Asia (Taiwan) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Pacific Islands (Hawaii), Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 10 (6 in the flora).

Morphologic studies align Pyracantha near Cotoneaster or Heteromeles (J. R. Rohrer et al. 1991; K. R. Robertson et al. 1991, 1992; C. S. Campbell et al. 2007). Molecular studies to date are inconclusive and have failed to provide strong or consistent support for these or alternative placements of Pyracantha (R. C. Evans and Campbell 2002; D. Potter et al. 2007; Campbell et al.). The difficulty in resolving the generic phylogeny of Maleae may be due in part to interfertility, lack of divergence, and reticulate evolution (Campbell et al.).

Species of Pyracantha are widely cultivated as ornamentals, and over 100 cultivars (D. R. Egolf and A. O. Andrick 1995) and hybrids are known. Of the ten species traditionally recognized, nine are native to China, some showing sufficient overlap of distribution and morphology that the taxonomy is not well defined. The plants as a group have been assigned in earlier treatments to the genera Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Mespilus, Sportella, and Timbalia Clos. Reports of additional naturalizing taxa could increase the number of our six sporadically naturalized species; validating specimens were not seen. Seedlings of naturalized Pyracantha most frequently appear in ruderal areas, along roads, forest edges, thickets, and in proximity to plantings. Spontaneous intermediates occasionally appear where cultivated species or hybrids grow in proximity, as no barrier to hybridization is apparent. The pomes are eaten by birds, most notably American robins (Turdus migratorius Linnaeus) and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Occasional specimens of Pyracantha fortuneana with sparsely toothed leaf margins can be difficult to distinguish from P. koidzumii, and some plants in California may be of hybrid origin or represent escapes of horticultural selections.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Leaf margins crenulate, crenulate-serrulate, or serrulate (at least 1/2 length of blades)
→ 2
1. Leaf margins usually entire, rarely remotely serrulate distally or with minute teeth near apices
→ 4
2. Leaf blades oblanceolate or obovate, apices obtuse, emarginate, or short-apiculate.
P. fortuneana
2. Leaf blades lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, apices usually acute or short-apiculate
→ 3
3. Young twigs gray-hairy, glabrescent later; hypanthia finely hairy.
P. coccinea
3. Young twigs brown-hairy, glabrescent later; hypanthia glabrous.
P. crenulata
4. Calyces and leaf abaxial surfaces persistently gray-tomentose.
P. angustifolia
4. Calyces and leaf abaxial surfaces brown- or yellowish brown-puberulent when young, glabrescent
→ 5
5. Leaf blades elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate (usually widest near middle), apices obtuse, apiculate, or aristate, abaxial surfaces glaucescent.
P. atalantioides
5. Leaf blades oblanceolate or narrowly obovate (usually widest distal to middle), apices usually truncate or retuse, abaxial surfaces pale green but not glaucescent.
P. koidzumii
Source FNA vol. 9, p. 468. Authors: Ronald W. Lance, Peter F. Zika. FNA vol. 9, p. 471.
Parent taxa Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae > Pyracantha
Sibling taxa
P. angustifolia, P. atalantioides, P. coccinea, P. crenulata, P. fortuneana
Subordinate taxa
P. angustifolia, P. atalantioides, P. coccinea, P. crenulata, P. fortuneana, P. koidzumii
Synonyms Sportella Cotoneaster koidzumii
Name authority M. Roemer: Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 104, 219. (1847) (Hayata) Rehder: J. Arnold Arbor. 1: 261. (1920)
Web links