Flora of North America species comparison

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Pyracantha

Pyracantha crenulata

firethorn

Himalayan or nepal firethorn, Nepalese firethorn
Habit Shrubs, spreading or partially reclining, 5–60 dm. Plants 10–50 dm.
Stems

1–3+, erect or divergent, straight or geniculate;

bark grayish, thin, smooth, becoming slightly fissured; long and short shoots present, leafy;

thorns present (commonly on short shoots); glabrous or tomentose.

thorns usually abundant;

young twigs brown-hairy, glabrescent later.
Leaves

persistent or late-deciduous, cauline, fascicled on short shoots, simple;

stipules caducous, free, lanceolate, membranous, margins remotely serrate, glabrous or tomentose;

petiole present;

blade obovate, ovate, oblong-obovate, oblong, or elliptic to lanceolate or oblanceolate, 1–7 cm, leathery, margins flat or slightly revolute, serrulate, crenulate, or entire, venation pinnate, surfaces glabrous or sparsely hairy to densely tomentose when young, often glabrescent later.

stipules 2–4 mm;

petiole 2–6 mm;

blade elliptic, oblong, or oblanceolate, sometimes ovate-lanceolate, 1–7 × 0.4–1.8 cm, base rounded to cuneate, margins crenulate to sparsely serrulate, apex acute or short-apiculate, sometimes obtuse, surfaces glabrous or nearly so.
Inflorescences

terminal, 6–40-flowered, flat-topped panicles, glabrous or tomentose;

bracts present, caducous, lanceolate;

bracteoles present.

2–5 cm diam.;

peduncles brown-hairy or glabrous.
Pedicels

present.

4–10 mm, glabrous.
Flowers

perianth and androecium epigynous, 3–10(–12) mm diam.;

hypanthium campanulate, 2–4 mm diam., exterior glabrous or densely tomentose;

sepals 5, spreading, broadly elliptic or triangular;

petals 5, spreading, white, usually suborbiculate, base slightly clawed;

stamens 15–20, shorter than petals, filaments 2–4 mm;

carpels 5, distinct, adnate to proximal 1/2 of hypanthium, externally glabrous or tomentose, styles terminal, distinct, about equal to stamens;

ovules 2.

6–10 mm diam.;

hypanthium glabrous;

sepals triangular, 1 mm, apex acute;

petals orbiculate, 3–5 mm, apex rounded.
Fruits

pomes, red or orange-red, rarely yellow, globose, 3–8 mm diam., glabrate;

flesh soft;

hypanthium persistent;

sepals persistent, erect or incurved;

carpels woody;

styles usually persistent.

Pomes

orange-yellow, orange, or red, subglobose, 3–8 mm diam.;

pedicels 5–12 mm.
Pyrenes

5.

x

= 17.

Pyracantha

Pyracantha crenulata
Phenology Flowering Mar–May; fruiting Aug–Oct.
Habitat Canyons
Elevation 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
Europe; Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Africa, Pacific Islands, Australia]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
Asia [Introduced, Calif.; introduced also in Europe, e Asia (Japan), Africa (South Africa), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 10 (6 in the flora).

Morphologic studies align Pyracantha near Cotoneaster or Heteromeles (J. R. Rohrer et al. 1991; K. R. Robertson et al. 1991, 1992; C. S. Campbell et al. 2007). Molecular studies to date are inconclusive and have failed to provide strong or consistent support for these or alternative placements of Pyracantha (R. C. Evans and Campbell 2002; D. Potter et al. 2007; Campbell et al.). The difficulty in resolving the generic phylogeny of Maleae may be due in part to interfertility, lack of divergence, and reticulate evolution (Campbell et al.).

Species of Pyracantha are widely cultivated as ornamentals, and over 100 cultivars (D. R. Egolf and A. O. Andrick 1995) and hybrids are known. Of the ten species traditionally recognized, nine are native to China, some showing sufficient overlap of distribution and morphology that the taxonomy is not well defined. The plants as a group have been assigned in earlier treatments to the genera Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Mespilus, Sportella, and Timbalia Clos. Reports of additional naturalizing taxa could increase the number of our six sporadically naturalized species; validating specimens were not seen. Seedlings of naturalized Pyracantha most frequently appear in ruderal areas, along roads, forest edges, thickets, and in proximity to plantings. Spontaneous intermediates occasionally appear where cultivated species or hybrids grow in proximity, as no barrier to hybridization is apparent. The pomes are eaten by birds, most notably American robins (Turdus migratorius Linnaeus) and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum Vieillot).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Pyracantha crenulata is native to southwestern China, India, Kashmir, and Nepal. A dwarf variant has been called var. kansuensis and is reported as native to China (A. J. Rehder 1949; Gu C. Z. and S. A. Spongberg 2003b); it is distinguished by its short stature (rarely exceeding 2 m), abundantly thorny branches, small leaf blades (1–2.5 × 0.4–0.8 cm), and small (3–5 mm diam.) red pomes. Its presence among the naturalized records of P. crenulata in California is suggested, but its morphology is not clearly distinctive. G. L. Nesom (2010) suggested P. fortuneana was not distinct from P. crenulata.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Leaf margins crenulate, crenulate-serrulate, or serrulate (at least 1/2 length of blades)
→ 2
1. Leaf margins usually entire, rarely remotely serrulate distally or with minute teeth near apices
→ 4
2. Leaf blades oblanceolate or obovate, apices obtuse, emarginate, or short-apiculate.
P. fortuneana
2. Leaf blades lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, apices usually acute or short-apiculate
→ 3
3. Young twigs gray-hairy, glabrescent later; hypanthia finely hairy.
P. coccinea
3. Young twigs brown-hairy, glabrescent later; hypanthia glabrous.
P. crenulata
4. Calyces and leaf abaxial surfaces persistently gray-tomentose.
P. angustifolia
4. Calyces and leaf abaxial surfaces brown- or yellowish brown-puberulent when young, glabrescent
→ 5
5. Leaf blades elliptic, oblong, or oblong-obovate (usually widest near middle), apices obtuse, apiculate, or aristate, abaxial surfaces glaucescent.
P. atalantioides
5. Leaf blades oblanceolate or narrowly obovate (usually widest distal to middle), apices usually truncate or retuse, abaxial surfaces pale green but not glaucescent.
P. koidzumii
Source FNA vol. 9, p. 468. Authors: Ronald W. Lance, Peter F. Zika. FNA vol. 9, p. 470.
Parent taxa Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae Rosaceae > subfam. Amygdaloideae > tribe Maleae > Pyracantha
Sibling taxa
P. angustifolia, P. atalantioides, P. coccinea, P. fortuneana, P. koidzumii
Subordinate taxa
P. angustifolia, P. atalantioides, P. coccinea, P. crenulata, P. fortuneana, P. koidzumii
Synonyms Sportella Mespilus crenulata, Cotoneaster crenulatus, Crataegus crenulata, C. pyracantha var. crenulata, P. chinensis, P. crenulata var. kansuensis
Name authority M. Roemer: Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 104, 219. (1847) (D. Don) M. Roemer: Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr. 3: 220. (1847)
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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