Flora of North America species comparison

with branches robust, julaceous, apices usually curving up;

central strand present;

paraphyllia many, filamentous to foliose, branched.

and branch leaves usually similar, rarely differentiated.;

stem leaves appressed to erect when dry, erect to erect-spreading or rarely squarrose when moist, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, or oblong, symmetric or sometimes asymmetric, not to distinctly plicate on either side of costa;

margins plane to recurved, entire to serrate distally, limbidium absent or rarely present;

apex broadly rounded, acute, or acuminate; ecostate to costa percurrent, sometimes 2-fid, occasionally sinuate distally;

alar cells shorter than laminal cells, isodiametric to transversely elongate, region usually distinct;

laminal cells isodiametric to elongate-rhomboidal or linear-fusiform, often prosenchymatous, sometimes obscure or opaque, smooth, papillose over lumen, or prorulose distally, walls thin to usually firm or thick, rarely pitted.

appressed to somewhat erect when dry, erect-spreading when moist, glossy or dull, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, asymmetric, usually falcate to falcate-secund, 0.6–2(–2.4) mm;

margins narrowly recurved to mid leaf or to near acumen;

apex abruptly acute to short- or long-acuminate, hair-point absent;

costa subpercurrent to percurrent, yellow-green, sometimes sinuate;

alar cells transversely elongate to quadrate, region small to medium-sized;

medial laminal cells homogeneous, short-rhomboidal, elliptic, or fusiform, to 40 µm, 2–3(–4):1, pellucid to opaque, prorate to near base, lumina larger than 10 µm, walls thin or rarely firm, not pitted;

apical cells 2–3:1;

juxtacostal cells somewhat shorter than more distal cells, walls not pitted.

often smaller;

apex sometimes less acute;

costa weaker.

elongate, thin, straight or somewhat curved, often twisted.

dioicous or autoicous;

perigonia budlike, on primary stems;

perichaetial leaves on primary stems or rarely secondary branches, differentiated, opaque to translucent, apex longer, more acuminate than stem and branch leaves, costa short to excurrent.

erect to suberect, symmetric, 1–2 mm;

endostome basal membrane 1/4–1/3 exostome length, segments shorter than exostome, cilia usually present, 1 or 2, sometimes reduced.

erect to horizontal, long-exserted, oblong to pyriform, symmetric to asymmetric-curved, smooth;

stomata absent or present, phaneropore;

annulus absent or present;

operculum conic, short- to long-rostrate;

peristome double, perfect to variously reduced;

exostome teeth lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, lamellae present, sometimes faint or absent, striolate to densely papillose;

endostome basal membrane low to high, free or sometimes adherent to exostome at base, segments broad and keeled to linear, sometimes absent, cilia well developed to rudimentary or absent.

usually cucullate, small, fugacious, usually smooth.

16–22 µm.

smooth to variously roughened.

asexual reproduction rarely present, of clustered flagelliform branchlets in axils of distal branch leaves.