Prenanthes serpentaria |
Prenanthes sagittata |
|
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butterweed, cankerweed, gall-of-the-earth, lion's-foot |
arrow-leaf rattlesnake-root, arrowleaf snakeroot |
|
Habit | Plants 50–200+ cm; taproots short and thick, with lateral storage roots. | Plants 8–75 cm; taproots short, thick and tuberous or long and slender, fascicled. |
Stems | erect, green to reddish or purple mottled, proximally glabrous, distally sparsely tomentulose. |
erect, greenish and mottled purplish, ± glabrous or proximally glabrate, distally glabrous. |
Leaves | proximal often withered by flowering; petiolate (petioles 1–10 cm, often with pair of lobes); blades deltate to ovate or elliptic, 5–20 × 4–10 cm, coriaceous, margins usually deeply, pinnately 3–5-lobed, lobes and sinuses large and ± rounded, sometimes deeply cleft to base or palmately divided, apices acute or obtuse, ultimate margins entire or dentate, faces glabrous or finely tomentose on veins; cauline sessile or petiolate; distal reduced in size and lobing, often entire. |
proximal present at flowering; petiolate (petioles narrowly winged, sometimes lobed, 5–15 cm); blades ovate or deltate, 3–10 × 1.5–6 cm, thin, bases hastate to truncate or rounded, sometimes shallowly, palmately lobed, ultimate margins irregularly dentate, faces glabrous; distal reduced. |
Involucres | cylindric (often attenuate basally to bracteate peduncles), 12–15 × 4–5 mm. |
narrowly campanulate (rounded), 7–13 × 5–8 mm. |
Florets | (8–)10–14(–19); corollas usually yellow to pale yellow, 9–15 mm. |
10–19; corollas white, 9–15 mm. |
Phyllaries | (7–)8–(10), green or often purple, narrowly lanceolate to elliptic, 10–13 mm, sparsely hispid to appressed, coarsely setose, often reduced to single coarse, appressed seta (setae green or tan). |
7–12, green to tan, apices dark, linear-lanceolate, 8–12 mm, margins narrowly scarious, (apices sparsely ciliate), faces glabrous. |
Calyculi | of 8–10, green to purple, triangular to subulate bractlets 1–4 mm, often tomentulose to setose. |
5–7, green, subulate to narrowly lanceolate bractlets 3–8 mm (longest 2/3 lengths of phyllaries), glabrous. |
Heads | (6–12 in nodding clusters) in broad, paniculiform to corymbiform arrays (often widely branching and subdichotomous, at least some branches elongate). |
in narrow, elongate paniculiform or racemiform arrays. |
Cypselae | golden brown to light tan, subcylindric, subterete or angled, 5–8 mm, indistinctly 8–10-ribbed; pappi tan, 7–8 mm. |
brown, fusiform to oblanceoloid, subterete or angled, 5 mm, indistinctly 7–10-ribbed; pappi pale yellow, 5–6 mm. |
2n | = 16. |
= 16. |
Prenanthes serpentaria |
Prenanthes sagittata |
|
Phenology | Flowering Aug–Oct. | Flowering Jul–Aug. |
Habitat | Oak-hickory woodlands, borders, oak flats, pine woods, sandy areas | Stream banks, terraces, moist shady places, talus, rock crevices, mixed conifer woodlands |
Elevation | 100–1700 m (300–5600 ft) | 1000–1600 m (3300–5200 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; KY; MA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WV
|
ID; MT; AB; BC
|
Discussion | Prenanthes serpentaria is generally recognized by its large, deeply 3–5-lobed proximal leaves with rounded sinuses and lobes, winged petioles, attenuate involucres, sparsely setose phyllaries, and yellow corollas. The leaves are variable in size and lobing, often on the same plant. Some specimens have predominantly ovate to elliptic, unlobed leaves, and these have been variously recognized. Some specimens appear to combine characteristics of P. crepidinea or P. trifoliolata and may be the result of recent or ancient hybridization. The species boundaries in this group merit further study. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Prenanthes sagittata is similar to P. alata; it differs in its somewhat smaller stature, heads in narrower and more elongate arrays, and longer calyculi. The ranges of the two species do not overlap. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 270. | FNA vol. 19, p. 270. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cichorieae > Prenanthes | Asteraceae > tribe Cichorieae > Prenanthes |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Nabalus fraseri, Nabalus integrifolius, Nabalus serpentarius, P. integrifolia | P. alata var. sagittata, Nabalus sagittatus |
Name authority | Pursh: Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 499, plate 24. (1813) | (A. Gray) A. Nelson: in J. M. Coulter and A. Nelson, New Man. Bot. Centr. Rocky Mt., 592. (1909) |
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