Prenanthes alba |
Prenanthes altissima |
|
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prenanthe blanche, white lettuce, white rattlesnake-root |
prenanthe élevée, tall rattlesnakeroot |
|
Habit | Plants 20–175 cm; taproots short and thickened, fibrous. | Plants 40–250 cm; taproots thickened, knotty, tuberous. |
Stems | erect, often mottled purple or nearly all purple (often with stout bases, 8–12 mm diam.), proximally glabrous, tomentulose distally. |
erect, greenish to purplish, glabrous proximally, often tomentulose distally. |
Leaves | proximal present at flowering; petioles narrowly winged (to 18 cm); blades usually ovate to triangular or cordate, 4–30 × 3–18 cm, thin to coriaceous, bases often hastate, margins usually coarsely dentate or serrate, sometimes deeply 3-lobed or parted, lobes acute, faces glabrous adaxially, pale to whitish and sometimes hirsute abaxially; distal reduced. |
proximal present at flowering; petioles winged; blades usually ovate or triangular, 4–15 × 2–16 cm, thin, bases truncate to hastate or cordate, margins entire or shallowly dentate, often deeply 3-lobed, faces glabrous or with scattered hairs on veins; distal reduced in size and lobing. |
Involucres | cylindric to campanulate, 13–15 × 3–5 mm. |
cylindric, 9–14 × 2–3 mm. |
Florets | 7–9(–13); corollas whitish to pale pink, lavender or red, 9–15 mm. |
(4–)5(–6); corollas pale yellow to greenish yellow, 7–15 mm. |
Phyllaries | (6–)8(–9), ± purplish or maroon, lanceolate, 10–13 mm, margins scarious, minutely ciliate, apices acute, faces glabrous. |
(4–)5(–6), pale green, often blackish at bases and apices, linear to lanceolate, 10–12 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy. |
Calyculi | of 5–7, triangular to lanceolate bractlets 1–3 mm, glabrous. |
of 4–6, blackish, triangular bractlets 1–4 mm, glabrous. |
Heads | (3–8, in clusters) in paniculiform arrays (densest near apices). |
in narrow or spreading, paniculiform arrays. |
Cypselae | brown or tan, elliptical to linear, 3.5–6 mm; pappi usually reddish brown, sometimes rusty, rarely yellowish, 6–7 mm. |
brown to tan, subcylindric, subterete, 4–5 mm, indistinctly 5–10-ribbed; pappi usually whitish or pale yellow, sometimes reddish brown, 5–6 mm. |
2n | = 32. |
= 16. |
Prenanthes alba |
Prenanthes altissima |
|
Phenology | Flowering Aug–Oct. | Flowering Aug–Nov. |
Habitat | Sandy oak-scrub, open oak-hickory woods, deciduous forests, dunes, creek banks, road cuts | Open deciduous hardwood or mixed woods, shaded slopes, bluffs, disturbed areas, roadsides |
Elevation | 100–200 m (300–700 ft) | 50–800 m (200–2600 ft) |
Distribution |
AR; CT; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; ON; QC; SK
|
AL; AR; CT; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
|
Discussion | Prenanthes alba is recognized by the purplish stems, relatively large, coarse, ovate or triangular leaves, relatively long, winged petioles, glabrous and often purple phyllaries, and usually reddish brown pappi. The leaves are variable, occasionally deeply 3-lobed. W. L. Milstead (1964) recognized specimens with a pale yellow pappi as “subsp. pallida,” distributed on the east coast in New Jersey, Virginia, and North Carolina. Because pappus color tends to fade somewhat on herbarium specimens, that character is difficult to assess on older specimens. The name was not validly published. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Prenanthes altissima is recognized by its narrow involucres with 5 pale green, glabrous phyllaries, (4–)5(–6) florets, and pale yellow to greenish yellow corollas. Pappi in this species are most commonly whitish or pale yellow. Specimens with reddish brown to orange pappi have been recognized as var. cinnamomea, found in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. Specimens with densely hairy stems and pale yellow pappi have been recognized as var. hispidula, found mostly in New York, New England, and adjacent Canada. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 19, p. 266. | FNA vol. 19, p. 266. |
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Cichorieae > Prenanthes | Asteraceae > tribe Cichorieae > Prenanthes |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Nabalus albus | Nabalus altissimus, P. altissima var. cinnamomea, P. altissima var. hispidula |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 798. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 797. (1753) |
Web links |