Potentilla millefolia |
Potentilla sect. Multijugae |
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cut-leaf cinquefoil, feather cinquefoil, feather or many-leaf or Klamath cinquefoil, many leaf cinquefoil |
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Habit | Plants ± rosetted; taproots fleshy-thickened. | Perennials, rosetted to ± matted, not stoloniferous; taproots often fleshy-thickened; vestiture primarily of straight hairs, not differentiated into long and short, crisped hairs often on stems and inflorescence, cottony hairs only in P. breweri, glands usually absent or sparse, rarely common, rarely ± red. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | usually prostrate, sometimes ± decumbent, 0.4–2(–3) dm, lengths 1–2 times basal leaves. |
usually prostrate to decumbent, sometimes ascending (especially in supporting vegetation), not flagelliform, not rooting at nodes, lateral to persistent basal rosettes, (0.3–)0.5–5(–7) dm, lengths 1–3(–5) times basal leaves. |
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Leaves | basal rarely ± 2-ranked; cauline (0–)1–3(–4); primary leaves pinnate (with distal leaflets distinct or confluent), (1.5–)2–20(–32) cm; petiole: long hairs soft to stiff, sometimes absent, spreading to ± appressed, glands usually absent or sparse; leaflets 7–21(–41), on distal (1/4–)1/3 to whole leaf axis, overlapping or not, oblanceolate to obovate, oblong, cuneate, flabellate, or elliptic, margins flat, distal (1/4–)1/2 to whole length evenly or unevenly incised ± 1/2 to completely to midvein, rarely entire, teeth (0–)1–5(–7) per side, surfaces ± similar, green to whitish, sometimes glaucous, long hairs, if present, soft to stiff, cottony hairs usually absent, sometimes sparse to dense (P. breweri). |
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Basal leaves | pinnate with distal leaflets ± confluent, 2–15(–20) × 1–3 cm; petiole 0.5–2(–3) cm, straight hairs sparse to abundant, appressed to spreading, 0.5–1.5 mm, stiff, cottony hairs absent, glands absent or sparse; primary lateral leaflets (3–)5–13 per side, on distal 2/3–3/4+ of leaf axis, separate to overlapping, largest ones cuneate to flabellate, 0.5–1.5(–2) × 0.5–2 cm, distal 2/3 to whole margin palmately or unevenly, rarely pinnately, incised 2/3 to completely to midvein, ultimate teeth or segments (1–)2–10, linear to broadly oblanceolate, 2–10 × (0.5–)1–2 mm, apical tufts to 1 mm, surfaces green to grayish green, not glaucous, straight hairs sparse to abundant, appressed to spreading, 0.5–1.5(–2) mm, stiff, cottony hairs absent, glands sparse to common. |
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Cauline leaves | (0–)1–2. |
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Inflorescences | 3–6(–10)-flowered, loosely cymose, sometimes racemiform. |
(1–)2–15(–25)-flowered, usually ± cymose, sometimes racemiform when prostrate, ± compact (P. arizonica) to very open. |
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Pedicels | (0.5–)1–2(–4.5) cm, ± recurved in fruit. |
recurved or straight in fruit, (0.5–)1–4(–6) cm, proximal often not much longer than distal. |
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Flowers | epicalyx bractlets ± elliptic, 2–4(–6) × 1–2(–2.5) mm; hypanthium 3–6 mm diam.; sepals 4–6(–8) mm, apex acute; petals 4–8(–10) × 3–7(–9) mm; filaments 2–3.5 mm, anthers 0.7–1 mm; carpels 10–30, styles (1.5–)2–3 mm. |
5-merous; hypanthium 2–6 mm diam.; petals yellow, narrowly to broadly obcordate, (3.5–)4–10(–12) mm, equal to or longer than sepals, apex usually ± retuse; stamens (15–)20; styles subapical, filiform, often papillate-swollen in proximal 1/5 or less, (1.5–)2–3.5 mm. |
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Achenes | 1.5–2 mm, smooth, often ± carunculate. |
smooth to faintly rugose (± rugose in P. basaltica). |
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Potentilla millefolia |
Potentilla sect. Multijugae |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Vernally to permanently wet meadows, moist openings in conifer forests and sagebrush, alkaline flats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 700–2200 m (2300–7200 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; NV; OR
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w North America; c Mexico |
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Discussion | Potentilla millefolia occurs from central Oregon to the east side of the Sierra Nevada of California, with a disjunct occurrence on the alkaline flats of Reese River Valley, Nevada. Significant variation occurs in vestiture type, leaflet dissection, and flower size, but with minimal geographic correlation. The most distinctive variant, represented by the type of P. klamathensis, has relatively long, slender, spreading, pustule-based hairs, often intermixed with shorter hairs. This vestiture type does not appear to be correlated with any other characters or geographic distribution and may vary within a population. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 11 (10 in the flora). Section Multijugae is used here for most North American species with fully pinnate leaves that have similar vestiture abaxially and adaxially, leaflets often so deeply divided and overlapping as to make the leaves nearly cylindric rather than planar, terminal leaflets often irregularly lobed and confluent with distalmost lateral leaflets, and relatively long styles somewhat glandular-papillate at the base. This circumscription includes the Mexican species Potentilla candicans Humboldt & Bonpland ex Nestler, which P. A. Rydberg (1898, 1908d) placed in its own group Candicantes. This provisional circumscription of sect. Multijugae encompasses at least three species clusters. One cluster (species 40–45), largely coinciding with the original concept of group Multijugae Rydberg, tends to have fleshy-thickened taproots, prostrate stems that are usually no more than twice as long as the leaves, very open racemiform inflorescences with recurved pedicels, and carunculate achenes. This species cluster has evidently radiated in seasonally wet meadows in western North America, resulting in several highly localized endemics, two of which (P. multijuga, P. uliginosa) are presumed extinct (B. Ertter 1993; B. C. Johnston and Ertter 2010). The second cluster consists of Potentilla breweri and P. versicolor, montane species with taproots that are not fleshy-thickened, stems usually more than twice as long as leaves, pedicels scarcely recurved in fruit, and no caruncle on the achenes. These differences from the previous species cluster are offset by the intermediacy of P. ovina. Potentilla arizonica differs from both species clusters in its relatively congested and flat-topped inflorescences and anthers that are as long as or longer than the filaments. The species resembles the first species cluster in its fleshy-thickened taproots, but differs in that the stems are more likely to be decumbent to ascending, pedicels remain relatively straight in fruit, and achenes are not carunculate. Since Potentilla drummondii (sect. Graciles), and P. macounii and P. morefieldii (sect. Concinnae) are sometimes identified as members of sect. Multijugae, they are included herein and key out in the third, tenth, and eleventh couplets, respectively. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 174. | FNA vol. 9, p. 167. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Potentilleae > Potentilla > sect. Multijugae | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Potentilleae > Potentilla | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | P. klamathensis, P. millefolia var. klamathensis, P. plattensis var. klamathensis, P. plattensis var. millefolia | P. unranked Multijugae, P. section Candicantes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Rydberg: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 433, plate 277, figs. 1–5. (1896) | (Rydberg) A. Nelson: in J. M. Coulter and A. Nelson, New Man. Bot. Rocky Mt., 255. (1909) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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