Potentilla hippiana
Potentilla sect. Leucophyllae
Hipp's cinquefoil, horse cinquefoil, potentille de Hipp, woolly cinquefoil
(0.3–)2–4(–5) dm, lengths (1–)2–4 times basal leaves.
ascending to erect, not flagelliform, not rooting at nodes, lateral to persistent basal rosettes, (0.3–)1.5–7(–8) dm, lengths (1–)1.5–4(–5) times basal leaves.
basal not 2-ranked;
cauline (0–)1–6+;
primary leaves pinnate to subpinnate (with distal leaflets often confluent), 3–45(–50) cm;
petiole: long hairs usually ± to tightly appressed, sometimes ascending, usually stiff, sometimes weak, glands absent or sparse or obscured;
leaflets (5–)7–15, on distal (1/6–)1/5–2/3 of leaf axis, separate to ± overlapping distally, oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, oblong, or cuneate, margins flat, distal 1/4 to whole length, rarely less, usually ± evenly incised 1/4–1/2 or less to midvein, sometimes entire, teeth (0–)2–18 per side, surfaces similar to strongly dissimilar, abaxial white to ± green, cottony hairs absent or sparse to dense, adaxial green to white, not glaucous, long hairs mostly weak, sometimes stiff.
pinnate to subpinnate, (3–)5–15(–25) cm;
petiole 1–10(–15) cm, long hairs abundant to dense, tightly appressed, 1–2.5 mm, stiff, short hairs absent or obscured, crisped-cottony hairs absent or sparse to common, glands absent or obscured;
leaflets not conduplicate, lateral ones evenly (to unevenly in argyrea phase) paired, (2–)3–6(–7) per side on distal (1/6–)1/5–1/2 of leaf axis, distal pairs ± decurrent, often confluent with terminal leaflet, larger leaflets oblanceolate or narrowly obovate to oblong, 1–5(–6) × 0.3–1.5 cm, distal (2/3–)3/4 to whole margin incised 1/2 or less (rarely more) to midvein, teeth (5–)7–12(–18) per side, 1–4 mm, surfaces ± to strongly dissimilar, abaxial white, long hairs abundant (mostly on, but not limited to, veins), 1–2 mm, stiff, short hairs absent or obscured, crisped-cottony hairs abundant to dense, glands absent or obscured, adaxial green to grayish, long hairs sparse to common, rarely absent, short or crisped to, sometimes, cottony hairs absent or sparse to common, glands sparse.
1–2(–3).
10–30-flowered.
(5–)7–60-flowered, cymose, open.
0.3–3(–5) cm.
straight in fruit, 0.3–3(–6) cm, proximal usually much longer than distal.
epicalyx bractlets narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, rarely linear, 2–5 × 0.5–1.5 mm, (1/2–)2/3 as long as sepals, abaxial vestiture similar to or ± sparser than sepals, usually not glabrescent, straight hairs ± abundant, crisped to sometimes ± cottony hairs absent or sparse to abundant;
hypanthium 3–7 mm diam.;
sepals 4–5.5(–6.5) mm, apex acute to acuminate;
petals 4–8 × 4–7 mm;
filaments 0.5–2.5 mm, anthers 0.6–1.1 mm;
carpels (5–)10–30, styles 1.7–2.5 mm.
5-merous;
hypanthium 2–7 mm diam.;
petals yellow, ± obcordate, (3–)4–10 mm, usually longer than sepals, retuse;
stamens 20–25;
styles subapical, tapered-filiform, papillate-swollen in proximal 1/5 or less, (1–)1.5–3 mm.
1.4–1.8 mm, smooth to faintly rugose.
smooth to slightly rugose.
= 42, 70, 77, 84, 98.
Potentilla hippiana
Potentilla sect. Leucophyllae
Potentilla hippiana is most common and distinctive in the Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountains, with outliers in the mountains of Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. Occurrences are more scattered in the northern Rocky Mountains and Great Plains, where intergradation with P. effusa is common. Among these intermediates are the argyrea phase and the single report from Idaho (B. C. Johnston 1980). Potentilla hippiana is probably adventive in Nova Scotia, eastern Ontario, Quebec, and Michigan, and possibly the Northwest Territories. The reported occurrence in central Alaska (E. Hultén 1968) is based on a specimen of P. pensylvanica (CAN).
Significant variation exists throughout the range of Potentilla hippiana, including dwarfism, leaf division, leaflet dissection, adaxial leaflet vestiture, and pedicel length. Some of this variation might merit taxonomic recognition upon further analysis, especially if correlated with ploidy level (6x through 12x). At present, the differences used to distinguish var. argyrea are not found to be sufficiently correlated with distribution to merit formal taxonomic recognition.
Complicating the infraspecific variation is a tendency for Potentilla hippiana to intergrade with other species, in particular P. effusa. Beyond sect. Leucophyllae, the frequency of hybrids with P. pulcherrima blurs the distinction between the two species; P. gracilis var. hippianoides S. L. Welsh & N. D. Atwood is probably one of the resultant intermediates.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Species 4 (4 in the flora).
Section Leucophyllae is an apparent radiation of four species in monsoonal regions of the American Southwest, ranging from the Colorado Plateau, Rocky Mountains, and western Great Plains to the prairies of Canada. The plants share features with sect. Graciles but have consistently pinnate leaves, distal leaflets often decurrent, and petioles commonly densely strigose. Plants are often locally abundant in relatively dry forest openings and open grasslands, tending to be more xeric-tolerant than plants of sect. Graciles.
Descriptions and keys focus on the most distinctive expressions, which are blurred by a propensity for the species to hybridize wherever they grow sympatrically. This is counteracted by at least some level of habitat partitioning; for example, Potentilla hippiana tends to occur on deeper soils and P. crinita on rockier slopes than other species in this section.
As a further complication, key diagnostic characters sometimes sort independently in different parts of the relatively large ranges of the species. The prairie expression described as Potentilla argyrea is particularly problematic, undermining the distinction between P. effusa and P. hippiana in the northern part of their ranges. In the southern Rocky Mountains, the two species are relatively distinct on the basis of correlated vestiture and leaflet toothing. In contrast, the prairie expression combines vestiture closer to P. hippiana with leaflet features of P. effusa. Pending further analysis, B. Boivin (1952) and B. C. Johnston (1980) are followed in retaining this variant in P. hippiana, though without formal taxonomic recognition. Inclusion in P. effusa might prove more justified, as done by J. Soják (2006).
Since Potentilla subjuga (sect. Subjugae) and P. ovina (sect. Multijugae) are sometimes identified as members of sect. Leucophyllae, they are included herein and key out in the third and fifth couplets, respectively.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Leaflets: abaxial surfaces white to gray, crisped or cottony hairs abundant to dense | → 2 |
1. Leaflets: abaxial surfaces ± green to grayish or silvery, crisped or cottony hairs usually absent or sparse | → 4 |
2. Epicalyx bractlets: abaxial vestiture often much sparser than that of sepals, often glabrate or glabrescent distally, straight hairs absent or sparse, cottony hairs usually abundant (at least proximally); lateral leaflets evenly to unevenly paired, teeth (1–)4–9 per side on distal (1/2–)2/3–3/4 (rarely more) of margin, surfaces similar, cottony hairs abundant to dense abaxially, abundant adaxially; Alberta to Manitoba, to Colorado, possibly disjunct in nc New Mexico and ne Utah. | P. effusa |
2. Epicalyx bractlets: abaxial vestiture similar to or ± sparser than that of sepals, usually not glabrescent, straight hairs ± abundant, crisped or sometimes ± cottony hairs absent or sparse to abundant; lateral leaflets evenly (to unevenly in argyrea phase) paired, teeth (5–)7–12(–18) per side on distal (2/3–)3/4 to whole margin, surfaces ± to strongly dissimilar, crisped-cottony hairs abundant to dense abaxially, absent or sparse to common adaxially; c Canada to Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico, introduced farther east | → 3 |
3. Leaflets (2–)3–6(–7) per side, distal pairs ± decurrent, often confluent with terminal leaflet, surfaces ± to strongly dissimilar; 500–3400 m. | P. hippiana |
3. Leaflets 2(–3) per side, distal pairs not decurrent or confluent with terminal leaflet, surfaces strongly dissimilar; 3400–4000 m. | P. subjuga (sect. Subjugae) |
4. Lateral leaflets often unevenly paired, distal pairs usually not decurrent or confluent with terminal leaflet, surfaces ± green; epicalyx bractlets with cottony hairs sometimes abundant (at least proximally) | → 5 |
4. Lateral leaflets evenly paired, distal pairs ± decurrent, often confluent with terminal leaflet, surfaces greenish to silvery or grayish; epicalyx bractlets with cottony hairs usually absent | → 6 |
5. Stems ascending to erect; basal leaves: leaflets 2–3 per side, incised ± 1/2 to midvein, teeth 2–5 per side; cauline leaves 2–6+; cottony hairs often present (at least on epicalyx bractlets); nc Colorado. | P. effusa |
5. Stems prostrate to ascending; basal leaves: leaflets 3–5 per side, incised 1/2–2/3(–3/4) to midvein, teeth (0–)1–2(–3) per side; cauline leaves 1–2; cottony hairs absent; Uinta and middle Rocky mountains, to Nevada and Colorado. | P. ovina (sect. Multijugae) |
6. Basal leaves 15–45(–50) cm; larger leaflets (2–)3–7 cm, not conduplicate, teeth 6–18 per side on distal 3/4+ of margin; se Wyoming, e slope Rocky Mountains of Colorado to Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. | P. ambigens |
6. Basal leaves 3–15(–20) cm; larger leaflets 1–3(–4) cm, often conduplicate, teeth (0–)1–5(–9) per side on distal 1/4–1/2(–2/3) or less of margin; s Nevada to sw Colorado, n Arizona, and nw New Mexico. | P. crinita |
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