Potentilla concinna |
Potentilla recta |
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early cinquefoil, elegant cinquefoil, red cinquefoil |
erect cinquefoil, potentille dressée, sulphur cinquefoil |
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Stems | 0.2–1.6 dm, lengths 1/2–3(–4) times basal leaves. |
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Basal leaves | usually palmate to subpalmate, sometimes subpinnate, 1(–2) pair of leaflets separate from terminal leaflets, distal leaflets distinct, 2–10(–15) cm; petiole 1–7(–10) cm, straight hairs ± abundant, ± appressed, 1–3 mm, stiff to weak, cottony hairs present, sometimes absent; leaflets 5(–7), on tip or to distal 1/4 of leaf axis, separate to ± overlapping, proximal pair separated from others by 0–5(–10) mm of leaf axis, central leaflets narrowly oblanceolate to obovate, 1–3(–7) × 0.4–1.2 cm, petiolules 0–2(–4) mm, distal 1/4 to whole margin incised 1/4–3/4+ to midvein, teeth (1–)2–5(–10) per side, separate, 1–6 mm, surfaces strongly to ± dissimilar, abaxial grayish to white, straight hairs ± abundant, ± appressed, 0.5–2 mm, weak to stiff (especially on veins), cottony hairs ± dense, rarely sparse, glands sparse or obscured, adaxial green to grayish, straight hairs common to abundant, appressed, 0.5–2 mm, mostly stiff, sometimes weak or mixed, cottony hairs absent or sparse, rarely common, glands ± sparse. |
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Cauline leaves | petiole (3–)4–8 cm, long hairs common, 2–4 mm, short hairs common to abundant; leaflets 5–7, 1.5–10 × 0.5–3.5 cm, long hairs common, 0.5–2 mm abaxially, 1 mm and stiffly appressed adaxially, short hairs common on primary veins abaxially, glands sparse to common abaxially. |
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Inflorescences | (1–)2–12-flowered. |
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Pedicels | 1–2(–3) cm. |
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Flowers | epicalyx bractlets lanceolate to narrowly ovate to linear-elliptic, sometimes doubled, (2–)2.5–5 × 1–1.5 mm; hypanthium 3–6 mm diam.; sepals 3.5–6 mm, apex acute; petals (2.5–)4–9 × (2–)3–7 mm; filaments 1–3 mm, anthers 0.5–1 mm; carpels (7–)10–30, styles (1–)1.5–2 mm. |
epicalyx bractlets narrowly lanceolate to lanceolate, 5–12 × 1–2 mm; sepals 4–10(–12) mm, apex acute to acuminate; petals (4–)7–10(–13) × 7–10 mm; filaments 0.5–2.8 mm, anthers 0.8–1.2 mm; carpels 80–140. |
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Achenes | 1.5–2.5 mm, smooth to lightly rugose. |
1.2–1.8 mm. |
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2n | = 70. |
= 28, 42 (Eurasia). |
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Potentilla concinna |
Potentilla recta |
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Phenology | Flowering late spring–summer. | |||||||||
Habitat | Roadsides, waste places, fields, grasslands, shrublands, forests | |||||||||
Elevation | 0–2100 m (0–6900 ft) | |||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CO; MT; ND; NM; NV; OH; SD; UT; WY; AB; MB; SK
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Eurasia; n Africa [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America (Argentina), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia]
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Discussion | Varieties 3 (3 in the flora). Potentilla concinna is a relatively widespread, low-growing, early-blooming species with palmate to subpalmate, abaxially cottony leaves. Flowers often appear before leaves are fully expanded. The three varieties treated here have some level of biogeographic identity and are, therefore, given provisional taxonomic recognition. Some treatments have also included P. bicrenata, P. johnstonii, and P. macounii as varieties of P. concinna. Two Mexican species, P. leonina Standley and P. oblanceolata Rydberg, have also been treated as varieties of P. concinna by J. Soják (2006); they are retained as distinct species here, pending further research on Mexican Potentilla. Two other erstwhile varieties of P. concinna are now placed in separate sections: var. modesta (Rydberg) S. L. Welsh & B. C. Johnston (misapplied) in sect. Rubricaules as P. modesta, and var. rubripes (Rydberg) C. L. Hitchcock in sect. Subjugae, intermediate between P. saximontana and P. subjuga. Potentilla concinnaeformis Rydberg, considered to be a close relative of P. concinna by I. W. Clokey (1939), is more likely a hybrid between P. glaucophylla (sect. Graciles) and P. hippiana (sect. Leucophyllae). Hybrids also occur with P. multisecta, and probably other species as well. Potentilla concinna was first described in 1818 as P. humifusa Nuttall, a later homonym for P. humifusa Willdenow. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The Potentilla recta species group is among the most complex in Europe and western Asia, with diverse taxonomic circumscriptions. The most conservative is adopted here (also used by P. W. Ball et al. 1968; J. Soják 2004), in which most variation is included in a broadly defined P. recta. An alternative is provided by A. Kurtto et al. (in J. Jalas et al. 1972+, vol. 13), who recognized six subspecies of P. recta and three additional species. The phase found in North America is rather uniform, corresponding to the pale-flowered sulphurea variant that Kurtto et al. included in subsp. recta. However, B. Boivin (1952, 1966b) accepted two additional varieties in Canada, locally naturalized in Ontario and Saskatchewan. Nomenclaturally these correspond to subsp. obscura and subsp. pilosa as recognized by Kurtto et al., but other than 5-foliate leaves in var. obscura (Boivin 1967–1979), the morphological basis for Boivin's taxonomic conclusions is unclear. The earliest North American collection of Potentilla recta seen by the authors was gathered by C. W. Short as a weed in a garden in Montreal in 1852 (MO). It was encountered initially as a naturalized plant in New York in 1879, and by 1900 it was fairly widespread in New England before being found in Ontario, Canada. From there it spread rapidly throughout much of the northern United States and southern Canada (K. Zouhar, http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/). It was in British Columbia by 1914, and in a Forest Service pasture in eastern Utah by 1924. The species is listed as a noxious weed in much of North America, spreading aggressively in both natural and disturbed habitats. The species is often confused with the native, widespread Potentilla gracilis (sect. Graciles), but differs from the latter in having ephemeral basal leaves (often replaced by a new flush in later summer), pale yellow petals, and shorter styles. The long, stiff, spreading, tubercle-based hairs on stems and petioles of P. recta, overtopping a layer of short hairs and glands, also serve to distinguish this aggressive species from native P. gracilis at any stage of the life cycle. The leaves are also sometimes mistaken for Cannabis. The name P. recta is sometimes confused with P. erecta (Linnaeus) Raeuschel, a much different plant in sect. Potentilla. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 178. | FNA vol. 9, p. 142. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Potentilleae > Potentilla > sect. Concinnae | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Potentilleae > Potentilla > sect. Rectae | ||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | P. recta subsp. obscura, P. recta var. obscura, P. recta subsp. pilosa, P. recta var. pilosa, P. recta var. sulphurea, P. sulphurea | |||||||||
Name authority | Richardson: in J. Franklin, Narr. Journey Polar Sea, 739. (1823) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 497. (1753) | ||||||||
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