Polystichum kruckebergii |
Dryopteridaceae |
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holly fern, Kruckeberg's holly fern, Kruckeberg's sword fern, Kruckeberg's sword fern fern |
wood fern family |
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Habit | Plants perennial, terrestrial or on rock, occasionally hemiepiphytic or epiphytic. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | ascending. |
creeping to erect, rarely arborescent, sometimes climbing, branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing scales. |
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Leaves | erect, 1–2.5 dm; bulblets absent. |
circinate in bud, monomorphic or dimorphic. |
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Petiole | 1/10–1/5 length of leaf, sparsely scaly; scales light brown, gradually diminishing in size distally. |
usually not articulate to stem, scales usually persistent at base, in cross section with 2–many roundish bundles, or bundles 2 and lunate. |
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Blade | linear, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid, base narrowed. |
simple to commonly 1–5-pinnate or more divided, leaf buds absent or present. |
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Pinnae | rhombic-ovate to short-falcate, proximal pinnae ± triangular; pinnae overlapping, twisted somewhat out of plane of blade, 0.5–1.5 cm; base oblique, acroscopic auricle well developed; margins shallowly incised to merely dentate or serrulate, teeth spreading and spiny at tip; apex acute with subapical and apical teeth same size; microscales lanceolate with few projections, confined to costa, on abaxial surface only. |
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Veins | pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments, simple or forked, free or anastomosing, areoles sometimes with included free veinlets. |
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Indusia | entire. |
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Sori | borne abaxially on veins or at vein tips (but usually not marginal), or sporangia acrostichoid and covering abaxial surface, if in discrete sori then variously shaped (round, oblong, or elongate); receptacle not or only slightly elevated, with or without indusium, indusium variously linear, falcate, or reniform, sometimes hoodlike, cuplike, or round. |
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Sporangia | with stalk of 2–3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk. |
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Spores | dark brown. |
all of 1 kind, usually not green (except Matteuccia, Onoclea), oblong or reniform in outline, monolete, variously ornamented (often broadly winged), 64 per sporangium (32 in apogamous spp.). |
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Gametophytes | green, aboveground, cordate, glabrous or often bearing glands or hairs; archegonia and antheridia borne on lower surface, antheridia 3-celled. |
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Indument | on blade commonly of glands, hairs, and/or scales, especially on rachis and costae abaxially. |
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2n | = 164. |
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Polystichum kruckebergii |
Dryopteridaceae |
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Habitat | Rocks and cliffs in subalpine to alpine habitats | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 1500–3200 m (4900–10500 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; UT; WA; BC
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Worldwide |
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Discussion | Polystichum kruckebergii is widely but sporadically distributed in small numbers in both the Sierra-Cascade and Rocky Mountain systems. Populations sometimes consist of only two or three dwarfed plants that are difficult to distinguish from P. scopulinum, with which they may occur. The spreading teeth of equal size at the pinna apex will usually distinguish this species. Polystichum kruckebergii is a tetraploid presumed to be of hybrid origin, with P. lonchitis and P. lemmonii as its diploid progenitors (W. H. Wagner Jr. 1973), although this hypothesis has not been confirmed. The hybrid with P. munitum has been found in Washington (P. S. Soltis et al. 1987) with both parents, and it is distinguished by intermediate morphology and abortive sporangia. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
The family Dryopteridaceae has been variously circumscribed; it is here delimited in a manner similar to that of R. M. Tryon and A. F. Tryon (1982) but with the inclusion of Nephrolepis. In many works, the family has gone under the illegitimate name Aspidiaceae. Some authorities define Dryopteridaceae more narrowly, to exclude Athyrium, Deparia, Diplazium, Cystopteris, and Gymnocarpium (Athyriaceae or Woodsiaceae), Woodsia (Woodsiaceae), Lomariopsis (Lomariopsidaceae), Nephrolepis (Nephrolepidaceae or Davalliaceae), Onoclea and Matteuccia (Onocleaceae), and Ctenitis and Tectaria (Tectariaceae). Characteristics holding Dryopteridaceae (as circumscribed here) together include the bilateral, monolete spores, often broadly winged perispore, absence of needlelike hairs, scaly stem and petiole bases, abaxial (nonmarginal) sori, base chromosome number of 40 or 41 (also 38 and 39 in Woodsia, 37 in Onoclea, 42 in Cystopteris), and usually indusiate sori. Loss of indusium, dimorphism, areolate venation, and reduced blade dissection have occurred repeatedly along many evolutionary lines in Dryopteridaceae, and in general these characteristics are often not very useful in delimiting genera or assessing intergeneric relationships. In some genera, especially Phanerophlebia and Polystichum, the blade bears very narrow scales (sometimes called microscales) that resemble uniseriate hairs. These scales may be only one or two cells wide. Every intergradation exists between these filiform microscales and more typical, wider scales, and the two types are the same color, generally tan to brownish. Microscales are probably not homologous with true hairs, which may be either unicellular or multicellular, uncolored or sometimes reddish (as in Tectaria and Ctenitis), glandular (as in Woodsia) or not. Hairs in Dryopteridaceae, if present at all, are generally readily distinguishable from the needlelike, transparent ones found in Thelypteridaceae. Genera ca. 60, species perhaps exceeding 3000 (18 genera, 79 species in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 2. | FNA vol. 2, p. 246. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Dryopteridaceae > Polystichum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name authority | W. H. Wagner: Amer. Fern J. 56: 4. (1966) | Herter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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