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close-flower knotweed, close-flower knotweed (ssp. confertiflorum), Kellogg's knotweed (ssp. kelloggii), milkwort knotweed, polygala knotweed, whitemargin knotweed

Hickman's knotweed, Scotts Valley polygonum

Habit Herbs. Herbs, compact, often cushion-like.
Stems

erect, green, usually divaricately branched, rarely simple, ± wiry, (2–)6–20(–25) cm, glabrous.

erect, color unknown, simple to profusely branched from near base, not wiry, 2–5 cm, glabrous.

Leaves

uniformly distributed, articulated to ocreae, basal leaves often caducous, distal leaves abruptly reduced to bracts;

ocrea 4–8 mm, glabrous, proximal part cylindric, distal part silvery, with inconspicuous veins, lacerate;

petiole absent;

blade 3-veined, lateral veins sometimes inconspicuous, without pleats, narrowly linear, 10–40 × 1–2.5 mm, margins ± revolute, smooth, apex acute or mucronate.

persistence and crowded at brance tips, not articulated to ocreae;

ocrea 4–6 mm, glabrous, proximal part cylindric, distal part silvery, disintegrating nearly to base into straight fibers;

petiole absent;

blade 3-veined, without pleats, linear, 5–35 × 1–1.5 mm, margins revolute, smooth, apex acuminate.

Inflorescences

axillary and terminal, spikelike, subglobose to cylindric;

cymes in most axils or crowded distally, 1–3-flowered.

axillary;

cymes insertion unknown, 1-flowered.

Pedicels

enclosed in ocreae, erect, 0.1–2 mm, sometimes absent.

absent.

Flowers

mostly closed;

perianth 1.5–3 mm;

tube 19–40% of perianth length;

tepals overlapping, uniformly white, pink, or red, petaloid, oblong-lanceolate, ± navicular, apex acute to acuminate;

midveins usually unbranched or with 2 lateral branches proximally, moderately to strongly thickened, tepals appearing ± keeled;

stamens 3–8.

closed;

perianth 2–3 mm;

tube 6–18 % of perianth length, tepals imbrication unknown, white with whitish or pink margins, petaloid, oblong, apex acute, mucronate;

midveins unbranched;

stamens 8;

anthers orange-pink.

Achenes

enclosed in perianth, light yellow, light brown, or greenish brown to dark brown, ovate to lanceolate, 1.3–2.5 mm, faces subequal, shiny or dull, smooth or reticulate with longitudinal ridges.

enclosed in perianth, olive brown, ovate, 2–2.3 mm, faces subequal, shiny, smooth.

Polygonum polygaloides

Polygonum hickmanii

Phenology Flowering May–Oct.
Habitat Open, seasonally dry grasslands
Elevation 200-300 m (700-1000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 4 (4 in the flora).

J. C. Hickman’s (1993c) treatment of the Polygonum polygaloides complex is provisionally accepted here. Most of the intermediate specimens occur between subspp. confertiflorum, esotericum, and kelloggii. Alternatively, P. polygaloides could be recognized in the narrow sense and the three other taxa could be treated as subspecies of a separate P. kelloggii, the earliest available binomial.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Of conservation concern.

The above description is based on the original one by Hinds and Morgan. Polygonum hickmanii is known only from the northern end of Scotts Valley in Santa Cruz County.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Margins of bracts green, if white then scarious border less than 0.2 mm wide
→ 2
1. Margins of bracts white, scarious border (0.2-)0.25-1 mm wide
→ 3
2. Achenes lanceolate, 2-2.5 mm; bracts elliptic-lanceolate, appressed, rigid; stamens 5-8
subsp. esotericum
2. Achenes ovate, 1.3-1.7 mm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, ± patent, soft; stamens 3
subsp. kelloggii
3. Inflorescences narrowly cylindric, continuous from bases of branches or stems; achenes 2-2.5 mm, lanceolate
subsp. esotericum
3. Inflorescences round to ovate or cylindric, confined to tips of branches, rarely continuous from bases of branches or stems; achenes 1.3-2.1 mm, ovate-lanceolate to ovate
→ 4
4. Inflorescences round to ovate; scarious borders of bracts 0.5-1 mm wide; stamens8
subsp. polygaloides
4. Inflorescences ovate to cylindric; scarious borders of bracts 0.25-0.4 mm wide; stamens 3
subsp. confertiflorum
Source FNA vol. 5, p. 565. FNA vol. 5, p. 563.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Duravia Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Duravia
Sibling taxa
P. achoreum, P. argyrocoleon, P. austiniae, P. aviculare, P. bidwelliae, P. bolanderi, P. californicum, P. cascadense, P. douglasii, P. engelmannii, P. erectum, P. fowleri, P. glaucum, P. heterosepalum, P. hickmanii, P. humifusum, P. majus, P. marinense, P. minimum, P. nuttallii, P. oxyspermum, P. paronychia, P. parryi, P. patulum, P. plebeium, P. ramosissimum, P. sawatchense, P. shastense, P. spergulariiforme, P. striatulum, P. tenue, P. utahense
P. achoreum, P. argyrocoleon, P. austiniae, P. aviculare, P. bidwelliae, P. bolanderi, P. californicum, P. cascadense, P. douglasii, P. engelmannii, P. erectum, P. fowleri, P. glaucum, P. heterosepalum, P. humifusum, P. majus, P. marinense, P. minimum, P. nuttallii, P. oxyspermum, P. paronychia, P. parryi, P. patulum, P. plebeium, P. polygaloides, P. ramosissimum, P. sawatchense, P. shastense, P. spergulariiforme, P. striatulum, P. tenue, P. utahense
Subordinate taxa
P. polygaloides subsp. confertiflorum, P. polygaloides subsp. esotericum, P. polygaloides subsp. kelloggii, P. polygaloides subsp. polygaloides
Name authority Meisner: in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 14: 101. (1856) H. R. Hinds & Rand. Morgan: Novon 5: 336. (1995)
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