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enable glossary links

birdweed, common knotgrass, common knotweed, doorweed, dooryard knotweed, knotgrass, knotweed, lowgrass, pigweed, prostrate knotweed, renouée des oiseaux, yard knotweed

devil's shoestring, erect knotweed, renouée dressée, upright knotweed, wireweed

Habit Plants green or bluish green, green after drying, sometimes whitish from powdery mildew, homophyllous or heterophyllous. Plants light green or yellowish, heterophyllous.
Stems

prostrate to erect, branched, flexuous, 5–200 cm.

erect to ascending, sparingly branched in distal 1/2, not wiry, 15–75 cm.

Leaves

ocrea 3–15 mm, proximal part cylindric or ± funnelform, distal part silvery, hyaline, soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or nearly completely deciduous;

petiole 0.3–9 mm;

blade green to gray-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, 6–50(–60) × 0.5–22 mm, margins flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded;

stem leaves 1–4 times as long as adjacent branch leaves;

distal leaves overtopping flowers.

ocrea 7–12 mm, proximal part cylindric, distal part usually persistent, with strong veins, margins entire or lacerate, silvery, later disintegrating into ± persistent brown fibers;

petiole 1–5 mm;

blade light green or yellowish, elliptic to obovate, 30–60(–80) × (8–)10–25 mm, margins flat, apex obtuse;

stem leaves 1.5–3.5(–4) times longer than branch leaves;

distal leaves overtopping flowers in distal part of inflorescence.

Inflorescences

axillary;

cymes uniformly distributed or aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 1–6(–8)-flowered.

axillary;

cymes in axils of most leaves and toward tips of stems and branchs, 1–5-flowered.

Pedicels

enclosed in or exserted from ocreae, 1.5–5 mm.

mostly exserted from ocreae, 3–7 mm.

Flowers

closed or semi-open;

perianth 1.8–5.5 mm;

tube 20–57% of perianth length;

tepals overlapping or not, green or reddish brown with white, pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit;

midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not;

stamens 5–8.

closed;

perianth 2.8–3.8(–4.2) mm;

tube 20–37% of perianth length;

tepals overlapping, green with yellowish, rarely whitish green, margins, sepaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, cucullate;

midveins branched, moderately to heavily thickened;

stamens 7–8.

Achenes

enclosed in or exserted from perianth, light to dark brown, ovate, (2–)3-gonous, 1.2–4.2 mm, faces subequal or unequal, apex not beaked, edges slightly concave, dull, usually coarsely striate-tubercled, sometimes obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common or not, 2–5 mm.

enclosed in perianth, brown to tan, ovate, 3-gonous, 2.3–3.5 mm, faces subequal, ± concave, apex not beaked, edges concave, dull, striate-tubercled; late-season achenes uncommon, 4–5 mm.

Polygonum aviculare

Polygonum erectum

Phenology Flowering May–Oct.
Habitat Dry, waste ground
Elevation 10-300 m (0-1000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; nearly worldwide
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CO; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; ON; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 7+ (6 in the flora).

Polygonum aviculare is a taxonomically controversial polyploid complex of selfing annuals. Although members of the complex have been considered inbreeders, they possess some structures that make cross pollination possible. Cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, heterostyly, protandry, and the capacity to secrete nectar suggest an ancestral mixed-mating system. Isoenzyme studies showed that the complex has an allopolyploid origin (P. Meerts et al. 1998) and has evolved as a swarm of inbreeding lines (“Jordanons”) (J. Gasquez et al. 1978). The six subspecies included here have been treated variously (T. Karlsson 2000; M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). Complex intergradation patterns among them make their recognition at the species level impractical. Multivariate analysis and isoenzyme studies show that populations with intermediate characteristics may occur (Meerts et al. 1990, 1998). Except for subsp. boreale, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador, all subspecies are partially sympatric and their distributions have been influenced greatly by humans.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Polygonum erectum was cultivated in the midwest by Native Americans for its starchy seeds (C. M. Scarry 1993). It was formerly confused with P. achoreum (T. R. Mertens and P. H. Raven 1965).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perianth tubes 40-57% of perianth length
→ 2
1. Perianth tubes (15-)20-40(-42)% of perianth length. [3. Shifted to left margin.—Ed.]
→ 3
2. Tepals green or reddish brown, margins white, veins unbranched
subsp. depressum
2. Tepals green, margins usually pink or red, rarely white, veins branched
subsp. neglectum
3. Perianths 3.3-5.5 mm; achenes 2.5-4.2 mm
→ 4
3. Perianths 1.9-3.6 mm; achenes 1.2-2.8(-3) mm
→ 5
4. Plants heterophyllous; leaf blades elliptic to oblanceolate; tepals oblong, cucullate in fruit; cymes aggregated at tips of stems and branchs; broad distribution in North America
subsp. aviculare
4. Plants homophyllous or subheterophyllous; leaf blades obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate; tepals obovate, flat or curved outward in fruit; cymes ± uniformly distributed; Greenland, Newfoundland and Labrador
subsp. boreale
5. Ocreae with distal parts relatively persistent, silvery; perianths 0.9-1.3(-1.5) times as long as wide, outer tepals pouched at base
subsp. buxiforme
5. Ocreae soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or leaving almost no fibrous remains; perianths 1.5-2.9 times as long as wide; outer tepals not pouched at base
→ 6
6. Leaf blades (6-)10-20 mm wide, 2-4.5 times as long as wide; cymes 3-8-flowered, aggregated at tips of stems and branches; achenes enclosed in or barely exserted from perianth
subsp. aviculare
6. Leaf blades 0.5-6.8(-8) mm wide, (3.4-)4.2-15(-19) times as long as wide; cymes 1-3(-5)-flowered, uniformly distributed along stems and branches; achenes usually exserted from perianth
→ 7
7. Ocreae 4-8 mm, veins inconspicuous, distal parts leaving almost no fibrous remains; lateral veins of leaf blades visible but not raised adaxially
subsp. neglectum
7. Ocreae (6-)8-12 mm, veins conspicuous, distal parts disintegrating into persistent fibers; lateral veins of leaf blades raised adaxially
subsp. rurivagum
Source FNA vol. 5, p. 556. FNA vol. 5, p. 550.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum
Sibling taxa
P. achoreum, P. argyrocoleon, P. austiniae, P. bidwelliae, P. bolanderi, P. californicum, P. cascadense, P. douglasii, P. engelmannii, P. erectum, P. fowleri, P. glaucum, P. heterosepalum, P. hickmanii, P. humifusum, P. majus, P. marinense, P. minimum, P. nuttallii, P. oxyspermum, P. paronychia, P. parryi, P. patulum, P. plebeium, P. polygaloides, P. ramosissimum, P. sawatchense, P. shastense, P. spergulariiforme, P. striatulum, P. tenue, P. utahense
P. achoreum, P. argyrocoleon, P. austiniae, P. aviculare, P. bidwelliae, P. bolanderi, P. californicum, P. cascadense, P. douglasii, P. engelmannii, P. fowleri, P. glaucum, P. heterosepalum, P. hickmanii, P. humifusum, P. majus, P. marinense, P. minimum, P. nuttallii, P. oxyspermum, P. paronychia, P. parryi, P. patulum, P. plebeium, P. polygaloides, P. ramosissimum, P. sawatchense, P. shastense, P. spergulariiforme, P. striatulum, P. tenue, P. utahense
Subordinate taxa
P. aviculare subsp. aviculare, P. aviculare subsp. boreale, P. aviculare subsp. buxiforme, P. aviculare subsp. depressum, P. aviculare subsp. neglectum, P. aviculare subsp. rurivagum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 362. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 363. (1753)
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