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birdweed, common knotgrass, common knotweed, doorweed, dooryard knotweed, knotgrass, knotweed, lowgrass, pigweed, prostrate knotweed, renouée des oiseaux, yard knotweed

Photo is of parent taxon

American knotweed, box knotweed, prairie knotweed, prostrate knotweed, renouée faux-buis

Habit Plants green or bluish green, green after drying, sometimes whitish from powdery mildew, homophyllous or heterophyllous. Plants gray-green or bluish green, rarely green, homophyllous or subheterophyllous.
Stems

prostrate to erect, branched, flexuous, 5–200 cm.

1–3, erect to ascending, ± unbranched, 5–15 cm, or numerous, procumbent, mat-forming, extensively branched, 20–70(–200) cm.

Leaves

ocrea 3–15 mm, proximal part cylindric or ± funnelform, distal part silvery, hyaline, soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or nearly completely deciduous;

petiole 0.3–9 mm;

blade green to gray-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, 6–50(–60) × 0.5–22 mm, margins flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded;

stem leaves 1–4 times as long as adjacent branch leaves;

distal leaves overtopping flowers.

ocrea 3.5–6.5(–8) mm, proximal part cylindric, distal part silvery, relatively persistent, with inconspicuous veins, leaving almost no fibrous remains after disintegrating;

petiole 0.3–2(–3.5) mm;

blade green or gray-green, lateral veins visible but not raised abaxially, lanceolate to elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6–30(–45) × 3–6(–13) mm, 2.5–5.6(–10) times as long as wide, apex acute to obtuse;

stem leaves 1–2.5 times as long as branch leaves.

Inflorescences

axillary;

cymes uniformly distributed or aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 1–6(–8)-flowered.

Pedicels

enclosed in or exserted from ocreae, 1.5–5 mm.

mostly enclosed in ocreae, 1–2.5 mm.

Flowers

closed or semi-open;

perianth 1.8–5.5 mm;

tube 20–57% of perianth length;

tepals overlapping or not, green or reddish brown with white, pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit;

midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not;

stamens 5–8.

perianth (2–)2.3–3.4(–3.6) mm, 0.9–1.3(–1.5) times as long as wide;

tube 20–36% of perianth length;

tepals overlapping, green with white or sometimes pink margins, oblong, apex cucullate, outer tepals pouched at base;

veins branched, moderately to strongly thickened;

stamens 7–8.

Achenes

enclosed in or exserted from perianth, light to dark brown, ovate, (2–)3-gonous, 1.2–4.2 mm, faces subequal or unequal, apex not beaked, edges slightly concave, dull, usually coarsely striate-tubercled, sometimes obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common or not, 2–5 mm.

usually enclosed in perianth, light brown to brown, ovate, 3-gonous, (1.8–)2–2.8(–3) mm, faces subequal, concave to flat, apex straight, coarsely striate-tubercled to obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common, 2.5–5 mm.

Cymes

mostly uniformly distributed, but also aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 2–6-flowered.

2n

= 60.

Polygonum aviculare

Polygonum aviculare subsp. buxiforme

Phenology Flowering Jul–Nov.
Habitat Roadsides, vacant lots, sidewalks, packed and nondrifting sands, borders of marshes and dunes
Elevation 0-3500 m (0-11500 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; nearly worldwide
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 7+ (6 in the flora).

Polygonum aviculare is a taxonomically controversial polyploid complex of selfing annuals. Although members of the complex have been considered inbreeders, they possess some structures that make cross pollination possible. Cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, heterostyly, protandry, and the capacity to secrete nectar suggest an ancestral mixed-mating system. Isoenzyme studies showed that the complex has an allopolyploid origin (P. Meerts et al. 1998) and has evolved as a swarm of inbreeding lines (“Jordanons”) (J. Gasquez et al. 1978). The six subspecies included here have been treated variously (T. Karlsson 2000; M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). Complex intergradation patterns among them make their recognition at the species level impractical. Multivariate analysis and isoenzyme studies show that populations with intermediate characteristics may occur (Meerts et al. 1990, 1998). Except for subsp. boreale, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador, all subspecies are partially sympatric and their distributions have been influenced greatly by humans.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Although apparently it has a North American origin, subsp. buxiforme is considered part of the Polygonum aviculare complex because it intergrades with subsp. aviculare (M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Perianth tubes 40-57% of perianth length
→ 2
1. Perianth tubes (15-)20-40(-42)% of perianth length. [3. Shifted to left margin.—Ed.]
→ 3
2. Tepals green or reddish brown, margins white, veins unbranched
subsp. depressum
2. Tepals green, margins usually pink or red, rarely white, veins branched
subsp. neglectum
3. Perianths 3.3-5.5 mm; achenes 2.5-4.2 mm
→ 4
3. Perianths 1.9-3.6 mm; achenes 1.2-2.8(-3) mm
→ 5
4. Plants heterophyllous; leaf blades elliptic to oblanceolate; tepals oblong, cucullate in fruit; cymes aggregated at tips of stems and branchs; broad distribution in North America
subsp. aviculare
4. Plants homophyllous or subheterophyllous; leaf blades obovate-spatulate or oblanceolate; tepals obovate, flat or curved outward in fruit; cymes ± uniformly distributed; Greenland, Newfoundland and Labrador
subsp. boreale
5. Ocreae with distal parts relatively persistent, silvery; perianths 0.9-1.3(-1.5) times as long as wide, outer tepals pouched at base
subsp. buxiforme
5. Ocreae soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or leaving almost no fibrous remains; perianths 1.5-2.9 times as long as wide; outer tepals not pouched at base
→ 6
6. Leaf blades (6-)10-20 mm wide, 2-4.5 times as long as wide; cymes 3-8-flowered, aggregated at tips of stems and branches; achenes enclosed in or barely exserted from perianth
subsp. aviculare
6. Leaf blades 0.5-6.8(-8) mm wide, (3.4-)4.2-15(-19) times as long as wide; cymes 1-3(-5)-flowered, uniformly distributed along stems and branches; achenes usually exserted from perianth
→ 7
7. Ocreae 4-8 mm, veins inconspicuous, distal parts leaving almost no fibrous remains; lateral veins of leaf blades visible but not raised adaxially
subsp. neglectum
7. Ocreae (6-)8-12 mm, veins conspicuous, distal parts disintegrating into persistent fibers; lateral veins of leaf blades raised adaxially
subsp. rurivagum
Source FNA vol. 5, p. 556. FNA vol. 5, p. 558.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum > Polygonum aviculare
Sibling taxa
P. achoreum, P. argyrocoleon, P. austiniae, P. bidwelliae, P. bolanderi, P. californicum, P. cascadense, P. douglasii, P. engelmannii, P. erectum, P. fowleri, P. glaucum, P. heterosepalum, P. hickmanii, P. humifusum, P. majus, P. marinense, P. minimum, P. nuttallii, P. oxyspermum, P. paronychia, P. parryi, P. patulum, P. plebeium, P. polygaloides, P. ramosissimum, P. sawatchense, P. shastense, P. spergulariiforme, P. striatulum, P. tenue, P. utahense
P. aviculare subsp. aviculare, P. aviculare subsp. boreale, P. aviculare subsp. depressum, P. aviculare subsp. neglectum, P. aviculare subsp. rurivagum
Subordinate taxa
P. aviculare subsp. aviculare, P. aviculare subsp. boreale, P. aviculare subsp. buxiforme, P. aviculare subsp. depressum, P. aviculare subsp. neglectum, P. aviculare subsp. rurivagum
Synonyms P. buxiforme
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 362. (1753) (Small) Costea & Tardif: Sida 20: 988. (2003)
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