Polygonum aviculare |
Polygonum aviculare subsp. buxiforme |
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birdweed, common knotgrass, common knotweed, doorweed, dooryard knotweed, knotgrass, knotweed, lowgrass, pigweed, prostrate knotweed, renouée des oiseaux, yard knotweed |
American knotweed, box knotweed, prairie knotweed, prostrate knotweed, renouée faux-buis |
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Habit | Plants green or bluish green, green after drying, sometimes whitish from powdery mildew, homophyllous or heterophyllous. | Plants gray-green or bluish green, rarely green, homophyllous or subheterophyllous. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | prostrate to erect, branched, flexuous, 5–200 cm. |
1–3, erect to ascending, ± unbranched, 5–15 cm, or numerous, procumbent, mat-forming, extensively branched, 20–70(–200) cm. |
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Leaves | ocrea 3–15 mm, proximal part cylindric or ± funnelform, distal part silvery, hyaline, soon disintegrating into persistent fibers or nearly completely deciduous; petiole 0.3–9 mm; blade green to gray-green, narrowly elliptic, lanceolate, elliptic, obovate, or spatulate, 6–50(–60) × 0.5–22 mm, margins flat, apex acute, obtuse, or rounded; stem leaves 1–4 times as long as adjacent branch leaves; distal leaves overtopping flowers. |
ocrea 3.5–6.5(–8) mm, proximal part cylindric, distal part silvery, relatively persistent, with inconspicuous veins, leaving almost no fibrous remains after disintegrating; petiole 0.3–2(–3.5) mm; blade green or gray-green, lateral veins visible but not raised abaxially, lanceolate to elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 6–30(–45) × 3–6(–13) mm, 2.5–5.6(–10) times as long as wide, apex acute to obtuse; stem leaves 1–2.5 times as long as branch leaves. |
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Inflorescences | axillary; cymes uniformly distributed or aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 1–6(–8)-flowered. |
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Pedicels | enclosed in or exserted from ocreae, 1.5–5 mm. |
mostly enclosed in ocreae, 1–2.5 mm. |
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Flowers | closed or semi-open; perianth 1.8–5.5 mm; tube 20–57% of perianth length; tepals overlapping or not, green or reddish brown with white, pink, or red margins, petaloid, not keeled, oblong to obovate, often cucullate in fruit; midveins branched or unbranched, thickened or not; stamens 5–8. |
perianth (2–)2.3–3.4(–3.6) mm, 0.9–1.3(–1.5) times as long as wide; tube 20–36% of perianth length; tepals overlapping, green with white or sometimes pink margins, oblong, apex cucullate, outer tepals pouched at base; veins branched, moderately to strongly thickened; stamens 7–8. |
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Achenes | enclosed in or exserted from perianth, light to dark brown, ovate, (2–)3-gonous, 1.2–4.2 mm, faces subequal or unequal, apex not beaked, edges slightly concave, dull, usually coarsely striate-tubercled, sometimes obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common or not, 2–5 mm. |
usually enclosed in perianth, light brown to brown, ovate, 3-gonous, (1.8–)2–2.8(–3) mm, faces subequal, concave to flat, apex straight, coarsely striate-tubercled to obscurely tubercled; late-season achenes common, 2.5–5 mm. |
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Cymes | mostly uniformly distributed, but also aggregated at tips of stems and branches, 2–6-flowered. |
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2n | = 60. |
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Polygonum aviculare |
Polygonum aviculare subsp. buxiforme |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Nov. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Roadsides, vacant lots, sidewalks, packed and nondrifting sands, borders of marshes and dunes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0-3500 m (0-11500 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; nearly worldwide
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; YT |
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Discussion | Subspecies 7+ (6 in the flora). Polygonum aviculare is a taxonomically controversial polyploid complex of selfing annuals. Although members of the complex have been considered inbreeders, they possess some structures that make cross pollination possible. Cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers, heterostyly, protandry, and the capacity to secrete nectar suggest an ancestral mixed-mating system. Isoenzyme studies showed that the complex has an allopolyploid origin (P. Meerts et al. 1998) and has evolved as a swarm of inbreeding lines (“Jordanons”) (J. Gasquez et al. 1978). The six subspecies included here have been treated variously (T. Karlsson 2000; M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). Complex intergradation patterns among them make their recognition at the species level impractical. Multivariate analysis and isoenzyme studies show that populations with intermediate characteristics may occur (Meerts et al. 1990, 1998). Except for subsp. boreale, which occurs in Greenland and Labrador, all subspecies are partially sympatric and their distributions have been influenced greatly by humans. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Although apparently it has a North American origin, subsp. buxiforme is considered part of the Polygonum aviculare complex because it intergrades with subsp. aviculare (M. Costea and F. J. Tardif 2003). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 556. | FNA vol. 5, p. 558. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Polygonum > sect. Polygonum > Polygonum aviculare | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | P. buxiforme | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 362. (1753) | (Small) Costea & Tardif: Sida 20: 988. (2003) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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