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polygale verticillé, whorled milkwort

orange milkwort

Habit Herbs annual, single-stemmed, 0.5–3(–4) dm, usually branched distally; from slender taproot. Herbs biennial or short-lived perennial, single- or multi-stemmed, 0.6–5 dm, unbranched or branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster.
Stems

erect, sometimes slightly glaucous, glabrous.

erect, sometimes laxly so, to nearly decumbent, glabrous.

Leaves

usually whorled proximally, sometimes whorled to inflorescence, opposite to alternate distally, rarely alternate throughout;

sessile or subsessile, petiole rarely to 1 mm;

blade sometimes linear-spatulate proximally, usually linear, linear-oblong, -elliptic, or -lanceolate distally, (5–)10–20(–30) × 0.5–5.5 mm, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

usually with basal rosette; alternate;

sessile or subsessile, or with narrow petiolelike region to 1–2 mm;

basal blade obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, cauline becoming narrowly ovate or nearly linear distally, basal to 60 × 20 mm, cauline to 40 × 10 mm, succulent, base cuneate, apex bluntly rounded to obtuse or acute, especially distally, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

nearly spikelike, conic to cylindric-conic, 0.5–5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, sometimes interrupted proximally, with some proximal fruits persistent below gap;

peduncle to 9 cm (usually elongate);

bracts deciduous, subulate to lanceolate.

capitate, 0.8–3.5(–4) × (0.8–)1.2–2 cm;

peduncle 3–10 cm;

bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate.

Pedicels

0.2–1(–2) mm, glabrous.

winged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

white or with greenish or pinkish tinge, sepals sometimes purplish or whitish, 1–2.2(–2.6) mm;

sepals ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 0.5–1.6 mm, ciliate;

wings suborbiculate, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.6 × 0.8–2.5 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded;

keel 1.2–1.8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 1 or 2 lobes on each side.

usually bright orange, rarely yellow-orange, usually drying pale yellow, 4.5–6 mm;

sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate, 1.2–2 mm, ciliolate;

wings elliptic, 5–7.5 × 2.7–3.6 mm, apex acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, partially involute;

keel 3.5–6 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side, each lobe entire or divided.

Capsules

subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.3–2.4 × 0.7–2.2 mm, margins not winged.

broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.2–2.3 mm, margins not winged.

Seeds

1.2–2.2 mm, pubescent;

aril 0.5–1 mm, lobes 1/3–1/2 length of seed.

1–1.6 mm, pubescent;

aril 0.5–1.6 mm, lobes 1/2 to subequal length of seed.

2n

= 34.

= 64, 68.

Polygala verticillata

Polygala lutea

Phenology Flowering spring–fall. Flowering spring–fall (nearly year-round).
Habitat Meadows, prairies, open woodlands, sand dunes, old fields, open places (limestone glades, railroad rights-of-way, rock quarries). Moist to wet soils (at least seasonally), open fields, savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy mixed pine-hardwoods, bogs, poco­sins, pond margins.
Elevation 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) 0–200(–300) m. (0–700(–1000) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; PA; SC; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties of Polygala verticillata have been recognized; they co-occur and intergrade, suggesting that they are polymorphisms not worthy of taxonomic recognition.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

A single lemon-yellow flowered plant of Polygala lutea has been reported from Brunswick County, North Carolina (R. R. Smith and D. B. Ward 1976); populations elsewhere may also produce yellow or yellow-orange flowers. Smith and Ward also reported that a possible hybrid with P. rugelii had over 65% apparently non-functional pollen grains. DNA analysis of the nrITS region (J. R. Abbott, unpubl.) found the hybrids to be polymorphic at all of the bases that differed between the parents; coupled with their rarity in the landscape despite common co-occurrence with the parents, this supports the hypothesis that they are F1 hybrids rather than established introgressives.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Polygala Polygalaceae > Polygala
Sibling taxa
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
Synonyms P. ambigua, P.pretzii pennell, P. verticillata var. ambigua, P. verticillata var. dolichoptera, P. verticillata var. isocycla, P. verticillata var. sphenostachya Pilostaxis lutea
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 706. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753)
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