Polygala verticillata |
Polygala lutea |
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polygale verticillé, whorled milkwort |
orange milkwort |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, 0.5–3(–4) dm, usually branched distally; from slender taproot. | Herbs biennial or short-lived perennial, single- or multi-stemmed, 0.6–5 dm, unbranched or branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster. |
Stems | erect, sometimes slightly glaucous, glabrous. |
erect, sometimes laxly so, to nearly decumbent, glabrous. |
Leaves | usually whorled proximally, sometimes whorled to inflorescence, opposite to alternate distally, rarely alternate throughout; sessile or subsessile, petiole rarely to 1 mm; blade sometimes linear-spatulate proximally, usually linear, linear-oblong, -elliptic, or -lanceolate distally, (5–)10–20(–30) × 0.5–5.5 mm, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
usually with basal rosette; alternate; sessile or subsessile, or with narrow petiolelike region to 1–2 mm; basal blade obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, cauline becoming narrowly ovate or nearly linear distally, basal to 60 × 20 mm, cauline to 40 × 10 mm, succulent, base cuneate, apex bluntly rounded to obtuse or acute, especially distally, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | nearly spikelike, conic to cylindric-conic, 0.5–5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, sometimes interrupted proximally, with some proximal fruits persistent below gap; peduncle to 9 cm (usually elongate); bracts deciduous, subulate to lanceolate. |
capitate, 0.8–3.5(–4) × (0.8–)1.2–2 cm; peduncle 3–10 cm; bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate. |
Pedicels | 0.2–1(–2) mm, glabrous. |
winged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | white or with greenish or pinkish tinge, sepals sometimes purplish or whitish, 1–2.2(–2.6) mm; sepals ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 0.5–1.6 mm, ciliate; wings suborbiculate, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.6 × 0.8–2.5 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded; keel 1.2–1.8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 1 or 2 lobes on each side. |
usually bright orange, rarely yellow-orange, usually drying pale yellow, 4.5–6 mm; sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate, 1.2–2 mm, ciliolate; wings elliptic, 5–7.5 × 2.7–3.6 mm, apex acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, partially involute; keel 3.5–6 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side, each lobe entire or divided. |
Capsules | subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.3–2.4 × 0.7–2.2 mm, margins not winged. |
broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.2–2.3 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1.2–2.2 mm, pubescent; aril 0.5–1 mm, lobes 1/3–1/2 length of seed. |
1–1.6 mm, pubescent; aril 0.5–1.6 mm, lobes 1/2 to subequal length of seed. |
2n | = 34. |
= 64, 68. |
Polygala verticillata |
Polygala lutea |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–fall. | Flowering spring–fall (nearly year-round). |
Habitat | Meadows, prairies, open woodlands, sand dunes, old fields, open places (limestone glades, railroad rights-of-way, rock quarries). | Moist to wet soils (at least seasonally), open fields, savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy mixed pine-hardwoods, bogs, pocosins, pond margins. |
Elevation | 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) | 0–200(–300) m. (0–700(–1000) ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
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AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; PA; SC; VA
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Discussion | Varieties of Polygala verticillata have been recognized; they co-occur and intergrade, suggesting that they are polymorphisms not worthy of taxonomic recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
A single lemon-yellow flowered plant of Polygala lutea has been reported from Brunswick County, North Carolina (R. R. Smith and D. B. Ward 1976); populations elsewhere may also produce yellow or yellow-orange flowers. Smith and Ward also reported that a possible hybrid with P. rugelii had over 65% apparently non-functional pollen grains. DNA analysis of the nrITS region (J. R. Abbott, unpubl.) found the hybrids to be polymorphic at all of the bases that differed between the parents; coupled with their rarity in the landscape despite common co-occurrence with the parents, this supports the hypothesis that they are F1 hybrids rather than established introgressives. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. ambigua, P.pretzii pennell, P. verticillata var. ambigua, P. verticillata var. dolichoptera, P. verticillata var. isocycla, P. verticillata var. sphenostachya | Pilostaxis lutea |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 706. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753) |
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