Polygala verticillata |
Polygala incarnata |
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polygale verticillé, whorled milkwort |
procession flower, slender milkwort |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, 0.5–3(–4) dm, usually branched distally; from slender taproot. | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (1–)2–4(–7) dm, sparsely branched (rarely from near base); from taproot. |
Stems | erect, sometimes slightly glaucous, glabrous. |
erect, glaucous, glabrous. |
Leaves | usually whorled proximally, sometimes whorled to inflorescence, opposite to alternate distally, rarely alternate throughout; sessile or subsessile, petiole rarely to 1 mm; blade sometimes linear-spatulate proximally, usually linear, linear-oblong, -elliptic, or -lanceolate distally, (5–)10–20(–30) × 0.5–5.5 mm, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
mostly alternate, sometimes whorled or opposite at lowest 1–2 nodes proximally; sessile or subsessile; blade linear, (3–)4–12(–17) × 0.3–1 mm, base obtuse to acute or slightly cuneate, apex acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | nearly spikelike, conic to cylindric-conic, 0.5–5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, sometimes interrupted proximally, with some proximal fruits persistent below gap; peduncle to 9 cm (usually elongate); bracts deciduous, subulate to lanceolate. |
(rarely spikelike), densely cylindric, (0.6–)1–3.5(–4) × 1–1.3 cm; peduncle 2–4 cm; bracts deciduous, ovate to lanceolate-ovate. |
Pedicels | 0.2–1(–2) mm, glabrous. |
(0–)0.5–1 mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | white or with greenish or pinkish tinge, sepals sometimes purplish or whitish, 1–2.2(–2.6) mm; sepals ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 0.5–1.6 mm, ciliate; wings suborbiculate, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.6 × 0.8–2.5 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded; keel 1.2–1.8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 1 or 2 lobes on each side. |
usually pink to purple, rarely white, sepals pink, 5–8(–10) mm; sepals narrowly ovate to linear-oblong or lanceolate, 0.9–1.5(–2.5) mm; wings narrowly ovate to linear-oblong or narrowly oblanceolate, 1.5–3(–4) × 0.6–1 mm, apex acute to obtuse; keel 5–8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 3 lobes on each side, each 2–4-lobed. |
Capsules | subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.3–2.4 × 0.7–2.2 mm, margins not winged. |
ellipsoid or subglobose-ovoid, 2.4–3.5 × 1.5–3 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1.2–2.2 mm, pubescent; aril 0.5–1 mm, lobes 1/3–1/2 length of seed. |
1–2.2 mm, pubescent; aril to 1.1 mm, not obviously lobed, to 1/4 length of seed. |
2n | = 34. |
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Polygala verticillata |
Polygala incarnata |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–fall. | Flowering spring–late summer (year-round). |
Habitat | Meadows, prairies, open woodlands, sand dunes, old fields, open places (limestone glades, railroad rights-of-way, rock quarries). | Prairies, meadows, savannas, bogs, old fields, open woodlands. |
Elevation | 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) | 0–400 m. (0–1300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
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AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; ON; Mexico (Veracruz); Central America (to Nicaragua)
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Discussion | Varieties of Polygala verticillata have been recognized; they co-occur and intergrade, suggesting that they are polymorphisms not worthy of taxonomic recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Polygala incarnata is the only species in the flora area with the keel two (or rarely three) times the length of the sepal wings. It appears to be relatively rare over much of its range. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. ambigua, P.pretzii pennell, P. verticillata var. ambigua, P. verticillata var. dolichoptera, P. verticillata var. isocycla, P. verticillata var. sphenostachya | Galypola incarnata |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 706. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 701. (1753) |
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