Polygala verticillata |
Polygala balduinii |
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polygale verticillé, whorled milkwort |
Baldwin's milkwort |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, 0.5–3(–4) dm, usually branched distally; from slender taproot. | Herbs annual or biennial, single- to multi-stemmed, (1–)2–6.5 dm, rarely branched proximalto inflorescences; from fibrous root cluster. |
Stems | erect, sometimes slightly glaucous, glabrous. |
erect, glabrous. |
Leaves | usually whorled proximally, sometimes whorled to inflorescence, opposite to alternate distally, rarely alternate throughout; sessile or subsessile, petiole rarely to 1 mm; blade sometimes linear-spatulate proximally, usually linear, linear-oblong, -elliptic, or -lanceolate distally, (5–)10–20(–30) × 0.5–5.5 mm, base cuneate to acute, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
with basal rosette sometimes present at anthesis, sometimes withered or nearly so; alternate; sessile or subsessile; basal blade obovate, to 12 mm wide, cauline blade obovate, elliptic, or narrowly spatulate, sometimes becoming linear distally, 3–25 × 1–5 mm, base cuneate or acute, apex usually rounded proximally, acute to obtuse distally, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | nearly spikelike, conic to cylindric-conic, 0.5–5 × 0.2–0.6 cm, sometimes interrupted proximally, with some proximal fruits persistent below gap; peduncle to 9 cm (usually elongate); bracts deciduous, subulate to lanceolate. |
in cymose panicles, ± flat-topped, 1.5–12 × 2.5–6 cm; each stem with (3–)5–20(–40) racemose branches, 0.4–6 × 0.7–1.5 cm; central one nearly sessile, lateral ones with peduncle to 2 cm; bracts persistent, lanceolate-ovate. |
Pedicels | 0.2–1(–2) mm, glabrous. |
winged, 0.6–1.2 mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | white or with greenish or pinkish tinge, sepals sometimes purplish or whitish, 1–2.2(–2.6) mm; sepals ovate or elliptic to lanceolate, 0.5–1.6 mm, ciliate; wings suborbiculate, ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 1–2.6 × 0.8–2.5 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded; keel 1.2–1.8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 1 or 2 lobes on each side. |
usually white or cream, sometimes greenish tinged, drying white to brownish green, corolla usually becoming pale yellowish apically, 3–6 mm; sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate, lanceolate, or linear-lanceolate, 1.6–2.5 mm; wings narrowly ovate to slightly obovate or elliptic, 2.8–4.8 × 0.9–1.7 mm, apex narrowing into apical cusp, 0.6–0.8 mm; keel 2–4 mm, crest 2-parted, with 3 2-fid (rarely entire) lobes on each side. |
Capsules | subglobose or broadly ellipsoid to ovoid, 1.3–2.4 × 0.7–2.2 mm, margins not winged. |
depressed-suborbicular, 0.6–1 × 0.8–1.2 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1.2–2.2 mm, pubescent; aril 0.5–1 mm, lobes 1/3–1/2 length of seed. |
0.5–1 mm, pubescent; aril 0–0.4 mm, lobes absent, reduced to minute scales, or to 1/3–2/5 length of seed. |
2n | = 34. |
= 64, 68. |
Polygala verticillata |
Polygala balduinii |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–fall. | Flowering year-round. |
Habitat | Meadows, prairies, open woodlands, sand dunes, old fields, open places (limestone glades, railroad rights-of-way, rock quarries). | Bogs, marshes, prairies, wet flatwoods, coastal swales, open degraded areas. |
Elevation | 0–2100 m. (0–6900 ft.) | 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
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AL; FL; GA; MS; TX; West Indies (Bahamas, w Cuba)
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Discussion | Varieties of Polygala verticillata have been recognized; they co-occur and intergrade, suggesting that they are polymorphisms not worthy of taxonomic recognition. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Plants from southern Florida have been recognized as var. carteri, based on their less robust stature and greener, less conspicuous inflorescences (R. R. Smith and D. B. Ward 1976). More specifically, extremes of var. carteri have more or less elongated racemes to 6 cm, bracts usually less than 2 mm, flowers cream to greenish white, seeds more than 0.6 mm, and arils a minute scale or absent, whereas extremes of var. balduinii have dense racemes to 3 cm, bracts usually more than 2 mm, flowers white, seeds less than 0.6 mm, and arils usually 0.2 mm (infrequently smaller). Such apparently distinctive features all intergrade and are not sharply geographically delineable; noting this, Smith and Ward stated that the northern limit of the variety was arbitrary. Polygalaramosa is closely related to P. balduinii, despite the obvious contrast between the yellow-flowered (green when dry), loosely branched inflorescences of P. ramosa and the white or near-white, more compact inflorescences of P. balduinii. Hybrids occur and have been called P. balduinii var. chlorogena Torrey & A. Gray. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. ambigua, P.pretzii pennell, P. verticillata var. ambigua, P. verticillata var. dolichoptera, P. verticillata var. isocycla, P. verticillata var. sphenostachya | Pilostaxis balduinii, P. carteri, P. balduinii var. carteri, P. carteri |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 706. (1753) | Nuttall: Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 90. (1818) — (as balduini) |
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