Polygala sanguinea |
Polygala senega |
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blood milkwort, blood or purple or field milkwort, field milkwort, polygale sanguin, purple milkwort |
polygale sénéca, seneca milkwort, seneca-snakeroot |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (0.5–)1–4 dm, usually branched distally; from taproot (or rarely fibrous root cluster). | Herbs perennial, usually multi-stemmed, (1–)1.5–5 dm, unbranched or sparsely branched distally; from thickened caudex. |
Stems | erect, glabrous. |
erect, puberulent or glabrous, hairs appressed, incurved, and spreading. |
Leaves | alternate; sessile or subsessile; blade spatulate proximally to linear or narrowly elliptic distally, (5–)10–20(–40) × (0.5–)1–3(–5) mm, base acute or obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
alternate; subsessile or petiolate, petiole to 0.5–5 mm; blade scalelike proximally, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, lanceolate, or lanceolate-ovate distally, (13–)20–80 × (1.5–)8–35 mm, base acute, margins often appearing serrulate from toothlike projections associated with cilia, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | capitate to densely cylindric, (0.5–)1–2(–4) × 0.5–1.4 cm; peduncle 0.3–2.5(–3) cm; bracts subpersistent to tardily deciduous, subulate. |
conic or cylindric-conic, (1–)1.5–4(–4.5) × 0.5–0.9 cm; peduncle 1–3 cm; bracts deciduous, ovate. |
Pedicels | 0.4–1.5 mm, glabrous. |
0.5(–1) mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | usually pink, purple, or reddish purple, rarely white, sometimes greenish tinged, sepals sometimes pink or white, 4–6 mm; sepals oval, elliptic-ovate, or lanceolate, 1–3 mm; wings ovate to broadly elliptic, (2.6–)4.5–6.3 × (1–)2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to broadly rounded, sometimes minutely apiculate, rarely acute; keel 2.5–3 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side. |
white, wings often with greenish veins, other sepals sometimes white, 2–4 mm; sepals ovate or lanceolate, 1–2 mm; wings suborbiculate to broadly elliptic or obovate, 2–3.7 × 2–3 mm, apex bluntly rounded (or rarely obtuse); keel 2–3.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side. |
Capsules | usually with flattened, sterile base, cuneate-subglobose, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, margins not winged (sometimes with raised rim). |
subglobose or ovoid, 2.5–4.5 × 3–4.3 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1.3–1.7 mm, pubescent; aril 1–1.3 mm, lobes usually (1/2–)2/3 to ± length of seed, rarely minute. |
2–3.5 mm, sparsely pubescent; aril 1.9–3.6 mm, lobes subequal to longer than length of seed. |
2n | = 34. |
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Polygala sanguinea |
Polygala senega |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | Flowering spring–mid summer. |
Habitat | Prairies, old fields, gravelly logging road margins, meadows, glades, bogs, flatwoods, open woods. | Open woods, mesic forests, prairies, rocky creek bottoms, often on soils derived from limestone or mafic rocks, roadsides, clearings. |
Elevation | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) | 50–800 m. (200–2600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
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Discussion | Polygala sanguinea is the only species of the genus in the flora area with the wings to twice the length of the keel. Late season flowers can have much smaller wings, some as small as 2.6 × 1 mm. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Two varieties have been recognized within Polygala senega: var. latifolia (= P. lonchophylla) with the distal leaf blades more than 1 cm wide (in correlation with an overall more robust habit and slightly larger size of most parts), and var. senega, with the distal leaf blades to 1 cm wide. A. E. Trauth-Nare and R. F. C. Naczi (1998) suggested that these entities may warrant specific recognition based on size and phenology differences, but in the absence of published details, the ranges and morphological features overlap too extensively to warrant taxonomic recognition. Manitoba and Saskatchewan have been the major source of wild harvested roots of Polygala senega in North America, with up to several thousand kilograms being harvested annually (C. J. Briggs 1988). An increase in demand for Polygala senega has raised concerns about sustainable harvest (C. L. Turcotte 1997). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. viridescens | Polygalalonchophylla greene, P.senega var. var. latifolia |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 704. (1753) |
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