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blood milkwort, blood or purple or field milkwort, field milkwort, polygale sanguin, purple milkwort

bitter milkwort, polygale polygame, racemed milkwort

Habit Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (0.5–)1–4 dm, usually branched distally; from taproot (or rarely fibrous root cluster). Herbs short-lived perennial or biennial (rarely annual), single- or multi-stemmed, (1–)1.5–3(–5) dm, mostly unbranched, or sparsely branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster.
Stems

erect, glabrous.

usually erect, rarely somewhat sprawling, glabrous.

Leaves

alternate;

sessile or subsessile;

blade spatulate proximally to linear or narrowly elliptic distally, (5–)10–20(–40) × (0.5–)1–3(–5) mm, base acute or obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

usually alternate, sometimes subopposite or opposite when leaves scalelike proximally (less than 1 mm);

sessile or subsessile, sometimes with narrow petiolelike region to2 mm;

blade spatulate to obovate or, sometimes, scalelike proximally, linear-oblong or elliptic to oblanceolate distally, (8–)15–30(–40) × 2–6(–8) mm, base acute or cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded or, sometimes, acute proximally to mostly acute distally, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

capitate to densely cylindric, (0.5–)1–2(–4) × 0.5–1.4 cm;

peduncle 0.3–2.5(–3) cm;

bracts subpersistent to tardily deciduous, subulate.

loosely cylindric, open, elongate, (2–)5–10(–25) × 0.8–1.4 cm;

peduncle 1–2 cm;

bracts deciduous, ovate to oblong-ovate.

Pedicels

0.4–1.5 mm, glabrous.

1–4 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

usually pink, purple, or reddish purple, rarely white, sometimes greenish tinged, sepals sometimes pink or white, 4–6 mm;

sepals oval, elliptic-ovate, or lanceolate, 1–3 mm;

wings ovate to broadly elliptic, (2.6–)4.5–6.3 × (1–)2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to broadly rounded, sometimes minutely apiculate, rarely acute;

keel 2.5–3 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side.

usually pink to pale purple, rarely whitish, outer sepals sometimes with pink or white margins, 4–6 mm;

sepals ovate, 1.3–2.5 mm;

wings elliptic or obovate, 3–6 × 1.6–2.7 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded;

keel (2–)3–5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2 or 3 divided lobes on each side.

Capsules

usually with flattened, sterile base, cuneate-subglobose, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, margins not winged (sometimes with raised rim).

broadly ellipsoid or globose-ovoid, 2–4 × 2–3 mm, margins not winged.

Seeds

1.3–1.7 mm, pubescent;

aril 1–1.3 mm, lobes usually (1/2–)2/3 to ± length of seed, rarely minute.

1.8–3 mm, usually densely short-pubescent to subglabrous;

aril 0.8–2 mm, lobes 1/3–3/4 length of seed.

Cleistogamous

flowers present in racemes usually below, rarely just above, soil surface, sometimes in proximal leaf axils later in season.

2n

= 56.

Polygala sanguinea

Polygala polygama

Phenology Flowering spring–summer. Flowering spring–mid summer.
Habitat Prairies, old fields, gravelly logging road margins, meadows, glades, bogs, flatwoods, open woods. Sandy meadows, savannas, bogs, sandhills, flatwoods, dry hammocks, floodplain swamps, open roadsides, clear-cuts, granite outcrops, coastal dunes.
Elevation 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Polygala sanguinea is the only species of the genus in the flora area with the wings to twice the length of the keel. Late season flowers can have much smaller wings, some as small as 2.6 × 1 mm.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Variety obtusata, based primarily on having a slightly denser raceme, is not recognized here; that character is found throughout the range of the species, often in the same population as plants with more open inflorescences (for example, C. W. James 1957).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Polygala Polygalaceae > Polygala
Sibling taxa
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
Synonyms P. viridescens P. aboriginum, P. polygama var. obtusata
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753) Walter: Fl. Carol., 179. (1788)
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