Polygala sanguinea |
Polygala cruciata |
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blood milkwort, blood or purple or field milkwort, field milkwort, polygale sanguin, purple milkwort |
cross-leaf milkwort, drum-heads milkwort, drumheads |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (0.5–)1–4 dm, usually branched distally; from taproot (or rarely fibrous root cluster). | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (0.5–)1–3(–5) dm, usually branched distally; from slender taproot. |
Stems | erect, glabrous. |
erect, usually glabrous, rarely subglabrous. |
Leaves | alternate; sessile or subsessile; blade spatulate proximally to linear or narrowly elliptic distally, (5–)10–20(–40) × (0.5–)1–3(–5) mm, base acute or obtuse, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
whorled, sometimes alternate distally; sessile or subsessile, or with narrow petiolelike base to 2 mm; blade mostly linear, to oblanceolate, spatulate, obovate, or narrowly elliptic, especially proximally, 8–35(–50) × 1–5(–7) mm, base cuneate to acute, apex rounded to obtuse or acute, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | capitate to densely cylindric, (0.5–)1–2(–4) × 0.5–1.4 cm; peduncle 0.3–2.5(–3) cm; bracts subpersistent to tardily deciduous, subulate. |
capitate to densely cylindric, 1–3.5(–6) × 1–1.7 cm; peduncle 0.5–3(–5) cm; bracts persistent, narrowly lanceolate-ovate. |
Pedicels | 0.4–1.5 mm, glabrous. |
2–2.4 mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | usually pink, purple, or reddish purple, rarely white, sometimes greenish tinged, sepals sometimes pink or white, 4–6 mm; sepals oval, elliptic-ovate, or lanceolate, 1–3 mm; wings ovate to broadly elliptic, (2.6–)4.5–6.3 × (1–)2.5–3.5 mm, apex obtuse to broadly rounded, sometimes minutely apiculate, rarely acute; keel 2.5–3 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side. |
usually purple or pink, rarely white, wings and distal keel sometimes green-tinged, sepals often pink, 4–6 mm; sepals ovate, 0.8–1.5 mm, sometimes ciliolate; wings ovate to deltate, 3.5–6 × 2.7–4 mm, apex acuminate, often strongly cuspidate; keel 2.8–3.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2 or 3 entire or 2-fid lobes on each side. |
Capsules | usually with flattened, sterile base, cuneate-subglobose, 2.5–3 × 2–2.5 mm, margins not winged (sometimes with raised rim). |
with winged, stipelike base, strongly oblique, subglobose, 2–2.5 × 1.8–2.1 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1.3–1.7 mm, pubescent; aril 1–1.3 mm, lobes usually (1/2–)2/3 to ± length of seed, rarely minute. |
1.1–1.5 mm, short-pubescent; aril 0.9–1.1 mm, lobes usually 2/3+ length of seed, rarely shorter or absent. |
2n | = 36, 40. |
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Polygala sanguinea |
Polygala cruciata |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | Flowering spring–fall. |
Habitat | Prairies, old fields, gravelly logging road margins, meadows, glades, bogs, flatwoods, open woods. | Wet meadows, marshes, savannas, bogs, pocosins, sand dunes. |
Elevation | 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) | 0–500 m. (0–1600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV
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Discussion | Polygala sanguinea is the only species of the genus in the flora area with the wings to twice the length of the keel. Late season flowers can have much smaller wings, some as small as 2.6 × 1 mm. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Polygalacruciata var. aquilonia is usually a more northern form with broader leaf blades, shorter peduncles, narrower racemes, and more abruptly short-acuminate wing apices (versus strongly cuspidate and acuminate) than the more southern var. cruciata. Extreme forms can appear distinctive. However, in the absence of detailed populational study, these traditionally recognized varieties of P. cruciata do not merit taxonomical recognition at any rank. This species was known from Ontario but appears to be extirpated from Canada. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. viridescens | P. aquilonia, P. cruciata subsp. aquilonia, P. cruciata var. aquilonia, P. ramosior |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 706. (1753) |
Web links |