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low pine-barren milkwort

polygale sénéca, seneca milkwort, seneca-snakeroot

Habit Herbs annual or biennial, single- to multi-stemmed, 1.5–4(–5) dm, unbranched or branched distally; from fibrous root cluster. Herbs perennial, usually multi-stemmed, (1–)1.5–5 dm, unbranched or sparsely branched distally; from thickened caudex.
Stems

erect, glabrous.

erect, puberulent or glabrous, hairs appressed, incurved, and spreading.

Leaves

usually without basal rosette at anthesis; alternate;

sessile or subsessile;

basal blade obovate or spatulate to narrowly elliptic, cauline oblanceolate, spatulate-elliptic, or linear, (7–)15–40(–70) × 1.5–8 mm, base often cuneately narrowed and petiolelike proximally, acute to obtuse distally, apex usually rounded proximally, acute to obtuse distally, surfaces glabrous.

alternate;

subsessile or petiolate, petiole to 0.5–5 mm;

blade scalelike proximally, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, lanceolate, or lanceolate-ovate distally, (13–)20–80 × (1.5–)8–35 mm, base acute, margins often appearing serrulate from toothlike projections associated with cilia, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

in cymose panicles, each stem with to 110 racemose branches, 1.8 × 0.7–1.1 cm, ± flat-topped, 2.5–15 ×3–15 cm;

central ones nearly sessile or peduncle to 2 cm, lateral ones subsessile or peduncle to 2(–3) cm;

bracts usually persistent, lanceolate-ovate.

conic or cylindric-conic, (1–)1.5–4(–4.5) × 0.5–0.9 cm;

peduncle 1–3 cm;

bracts deciduous, ovate.

Pedicels

narrowly winged, (1–)1.3–2.3 mm, glabrous.

0.5(–1) mm, glabrous.

Flowers

bright yellow, drying green or yellow-brown, 3–3.5 mm;

sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 1–3 mm;

wings ovate, elliptic-obovate, obovate, or spatulate, 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.4 mm, apex acuminate to cuspidate, involute;

keel 2–2.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with (1 or)2 or 3 lobes on each side.

white, wings often with greenish veins, other sepals sometimes white, 2–4 mm;

sepals ovate or lanceolate, 1–2 mm;

wings suborbiculate to broadly elliptic or obovate, 2–3.7 × 2–3 mm, apex bluntly rounded (or rarely obtuse);

keel 2–3.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side.

Capsules

subglobose, 0.8–1 × 0.8–1 mm, margins not winged.

subglobose or ovoid, 2.5–4.5 × 3–4.3 mm, margins not winged.

Seeds

0.5–0.7 mm, densely pubescent;

aril 0–0.2 mm.

2–3.5 mm, sparsely pubescent;

aril 1.9–3.6 mm, lobes subequal to longer than length of seed.

2n

= 64, 68.

= 34.

Polygala ramosa

Polygala senega

Phenology Flowering spring–summer. Flowering spring–mid summer.
Habitat Savannas, open pine woods, flatwoods, bogs, seepage slopes, coastal swales, exposed pond shores. Open woods, mesic forests, prairies, rocky creek bottoms, often on soils derived from limestone or mafic rocks, roadsides, clearings.
Elevation 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) 50–800 m. (200–2600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; NJ; SC; TX; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Polygala ramosa has been reported from Maryland (M. L. Brown and R. G. Brown 1984, as cited in the USDA Plants database); no vouchers are known.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Two varieties have been recognized within Polygala senega: var. latifolia (= P. lonchophylla) with the distal leaf blades more than 1 cm wide (in correlation with an overall more robust habit and slightly larger size of most parts), and var. senega, with the distal leaf blades to 1 cm wide. A. E. Trauth-Nare and R. F. C. Naczi (1998) suggested that these entities may warrant specific recognition based on size and phenology differences, but in the absence of published details, the ranges and morphological features overlap too extensively to warrant taxonomic recognition.

Manitoba and Saskatchewan have been the major source of wild harvested roots of Polygala senega in North America, with up to several thousand kilograms being harvested annually (C. J. Briggs 1988). An increase in demand for Polygala senega has raised concerns about sustainable harvest (C. L. Turcotte 1997).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Polygala Polygalaceae > Polygala
Sibling taxa
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
Synonyms Pilostaxis ramosa Polygalalonchophylla greene, P.senega var. var. latifolia
Name authority Elliott: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 186. (1822) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 704. (1753)
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