Polygala ramosa |
Polygala senega |
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low pine-barren milkwort |
polygale sénéca, seneca milkwort, seneca-snakeroot |
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Habit | Herbs annual or biennial, single- to multi-stemmed, 1.5–4(–5) dm, unbranched or branched distally; from fibrous root cluster. | Herbs perennial, usually multi-stemmed, (1–)1.5–5 dm, unbranched or sparsely branched distally; from thickened caudex. |
Stems | erect, glabrous. |
erect, puberulent or glabrous, hairs appressed, incurved, and spreading. |
Leaves | usually without basal rosette at anthesis; alternate; sessile or subsessile; basal blade obovate or spatulate to narrowly elliptic, cauline oblanceolate, spatulate-elliptic, or linear, (7–)15–40(–70) × 1.5–8 mm, base often cuneately narrowed and petiolelike proximally, acute to obtuse distally, apex usually rounded proximally, acute to obtuse distally, surfaces glabrous. |
alternate; subsessile or petiolate, petiole to 0.5–5 mm; blade scalelike proximally, linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, lanceolate, or lanceolate-ovate distally, (13–)20–80 × (1.5–)8–35 mm, base acute, margins often appearing serrulate from toothlike projections associated with cilia, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | in cymose panicles, each stem with to 110 racemose branches, 1.8 × 0.7–1.1 cm, ± flat-topped, 2.5–15 ×3–15 cm; central ones nearly sessile or peduncle to 2 cm, lateral ones subsessile or peduncle to 2(–3) cm; bracts usually persistent, lanceolate-ovate. |
conic or cylindric-conic, (1–)1.5–4(–4.5) × 0.5–0.9 cm; peduncle 1–3 cm; bracts deciduous, ovate. |
Pedicels | narrowly winged, (1–)1.3–2.3 mm, glabrous. |
0.5(–1) mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | bright yellow, drying green or yellow-brown, 3–3.5 mm; sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 1–3 mm; wings ovate, elliptic-obovate, obovate, or spatulate, 2.5–3.5 × 1–1.4 mm, apex acuminate to cuspidate, involute; keel 2–2.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with (1 or)2 or 3 lobes on each side. |
white, wings often with greenish veins, other sepals sometimes white, 2–4 mm; sepals ovate or lanceolate, 1–2 mm; wings suborbiculate to broadly elliptic or obovate, 2–3.7 × 2–3 mm, apex bluntly rounded (or rarely obtuse); keel 2–3.5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side. |
Capsules | subglobose, 0.8–1 × 0.8–1 mm, margins not winged. |
subglobose or ovoid, 2.5–4.5 × 3–4.3 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 0.5–0.7 mm, densely pubescent; aril 0–0.2 mm. |
2–3.5 mm, sparsely pubescent; aril 1.9–3.6 mm, lobes subequal to longer than length of seed. |
2n | = 64, 68. |
= 34. |
Polygala ramosa |
Polygala senega |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | Flowering spring–mid summer. |
Habitat | Savannas, open pine woods, flatwoods, bogs, seepage slopes, coastal swales, exposed pond shores. | Open woods, mesic forests, prairies, rocky creek bottoms, often on soils derived from limestone or mafic rocks, roadsides, clearings. |
Elevation | 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) | 50–800 m. (200–2600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; NJ; SC; TX; VA
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AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; ND; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; ON; QC; SK
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Discussion | Polygala ramosa has been reported from Maryland (M. L. Brown and R. G. Brown 1984, as cited in the USDA Plants database); no vouchers are known. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Two varieties have been recognized within Polygala senega: var. latifolia (= P. lonchophylla) with the distal leaf blades more than 1 cm wide (in correlation with an overall more robust habit and slightly larger size of most parts), and var. senega, with the distal leaf blades to 1 cm wide. A. E. Trauth-Nare and R. F. C. Naczi (1998) suggested that these entities may warrant specific recognition based on size and phenology differences, but in the absence of published details, the ranges and morphological features overlap too extensively to warrant taxonomic recognition. Manitoba and Saskatchewan have been the major source of wild harvested roots of Polygala senega in North America, with up to several thousand kilograms being harvested annually (C. J. Briggs 1988). An increase in demand for Polygala senega has raised concerns about sustainable harvest (C. L. Turcotte 1997). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Pilostaxis ramosa | Polygalalonchophylla greene, P.senega var. var. latifolia |
Name authority | Elliott: Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 2: 186. (1822) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 704. (1753) |
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