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candyroot, dwarf milkwort

bitter milkwort, polygale polygame, racemed milkwort

Habit Herbs annual or biennial, single- or multi-stemmed, 0.3–1.8 dm, unbranched; from taproot (or rarely fibrous root cluster). Herbs short-lived perennial or biennial (rarely annual), single- or multi-stemmed, (1–)1.5–3(–5) dm, mostly unbranched, or sparsely branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster.
Stems

erect, glabrous.

usually erect, rarely somewhat sprawling, glabrous.

Leaves

mostly basal, rarely cauline, with persistent rosette; alternate; usually with narrow petiolelike region to 15 mm, rarely (sub-)sessile;

basal blade spatulate, usually oblanceolate or obovate, rarely elliptic, 11–55 × (1.5–)5–20 mm, succulent, base cuneate or acute, apex rounded to acute, occasionally apiculate, rarely acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

usually alternate, sometimes subopposite or opposite when leaves scalelike proximally (less than 1 mm);

sessile or subsessile, sometimes with narrow petiolelike region to2 mm;

blade spatulate to obovate or, sometimes, scalelike proximally, linear-oblong or elliptic to oblanceolate distally, (8–)15–30(–40) × 2–6(–8) mm, base acute or cuneate, apex obtuse to rounded or, sometimes, acute proximally to mostly acute distally, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

capitate, 1–3.8 × 1–1.7 cm;

peduncle 2.3–7.5 cm;

bracts deciduous, often tardily so, or sometimes persistent, linear-subulate.

loosely cylindric, open, elongate, (2–)5–10(–25) × 0.8–1.4 cm;

peduncle 1–2 cm;

bracts deciduous, ovate to oblong-ovate.

Pedicels

winged, 0.4–0.8(–1) mm, glabrous.

1–4 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

lemon-yellow to greenish yellow, drying green or yellowish green, 5.5–8.2 mm;

sepals decurrent on pedicel, lanceolate, 3–5.3 mm, sometimes ciliolate;

wings elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 5.5–8 × 1.2–2(–2.6) mm, apex long-acuminate to cuspidate, involute, tip 0.7–1.6 mm;

keel 3.5–5.8 mm, crest 2-parted, with 3 entire or 2-fid, linear lobes on each side;

stamens 6(–8).

usually pink to pale purple, rarely whitish, outer sepals sometimes with pink or white margins, 4–6 mm;

sepals ovate, 1.3–2.5 mm;

wings elliptic or obovate, 3–6 × 1.6–2.7 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded;

keel (2–)3–5 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2 or 3 divided lobes on each side.

Capsules

broadly ellipsoid to subglobose, 1.6–2 × 1.2–1.6 mm, margins not winged.

broadly ellipsoid or globose-ovoid, 2–4 × 2–3 mm, margins not winged.

Seeds

0.8–1.8 mm, pubescent;

aril 0.7–1.1 mm, lobes 1/3 to equal length of seed.

1.8–3 mm, usually densely short-pubescent to subglabrous;

aril 0.8–2 mm, lobes 1/3–3/4 length of seed.

Cleistogamous

flowers present in racemes usually below, rarely just above, soil surface, sometimes in proximal leaf axils later in season.

2n

= 64, 68.

= 56.

Polygala nana

Polygala polygama

Phenology Flowering spring–fall (year-round). Flowering spring–mid summer.
Habitat Savannas, sandy pine woods, low wet woods, seepage slopes, wet depressions, flatwoods, bogs, coastal swales. Sandy meadows, savannas, bogs, sandhills, flatwoods, dry hammocks, floodplain swamps, open roadsides, clear-cuts, granite outcrops, coastal dunes.
Elevation 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.) 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; LA; MS; NC; SC; TN; TX
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Individuals of Polygala nana in scattered populations (especially in southern Florida) approach the habit of P. smallii, with the inflorescences scarcely exceeding the leaves; they can be distinguished using the differences discussed under 28. P. smallii. Herbarium specimens of robust individuals are sometimes confused with P. lutea and small, rosulate plants of P. lutea may be confused with P. nana. If fresh flower color (orange in P. lutea, yellow in P. nana) is not available, then the taxa can be distinguished readily by the pedicel length, 1.5–2.8 mm in P. lutea and less than 1 mm in P. nana, as well as the involute apical cusp on the sepal wings of P. nana usually ca. 1 mm (0.7–1.6 mm), versus sepal wings only partially involute apically and cusps (if present) less than 0.5 mm in P. lutea.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Variety obtusata, based primarily on having a slightly denser raceme, is not recognized here; that character is found throughout the range of the species, often in the same population as plants with more open inflorescences (for example, C. W. James 1957).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Polygala Polygalaceae > Polygala
Sibling taxa
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
Synonyms P. lutea var. nana, Pilostaxis nana P. aboriginum, P. polygama var. obtusata
Name authority (Michaux) de Candolle in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle: Prodr. 1: 328. (1824) Walter: Fl. Carol., 179. (1788)
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