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Polygala californica

California milkwort, milkwort

Sierra milkwort

Habit Herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, multi-stemmed, often forming a ground cover, 0.5–3.5 dm. Herbs, shrubs, or subshrubs, single- or multi-stemmed, rhizomatous, sometimes spreading to form ground cover or thicket, 1–25 dm.
Stems

laxly erect, decumbent, or prostrate, pubescent to subglabrous, hairs incurved.

erect to sprawling or decumbent, sometimes glaucous, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, hairs incurved.

Leaves

sessile or subsessile;

blade ovate, elliptic, or obovate, 7–50(–60) × 3–20(–26) mm, base usually rounded to acute, sometimes cuneate, apex rounded to acute, surfaces pubescent, hairs incurved.

petiolate, petiole 0.5–5 mm;

blade linear to ovate, 10–50(–65) × (3–)4–11(–16) mm, base cuneate to rounded, apex acuminate to rounded, surfaces glabrous or pubescent at least along basal midvein abaxially, hairs incurved.

Racemes

terminal or leaf-opposed, 1–4(–5) × 1.8–3 cm;

rachis not thorn-tipped;

peduncle 0–1 cm;

bracts early deciduous, linear to lanceolate.

terminal, sometimes appearing axillary, 1–8(–22) × 1.5–3 cm;

rachis not thorn-tipped;

peduncle 0.2–0.6 cm;

bracts deciduous to subpersistent, lanceolate to ovate.

Pedicels

(2.5–)3.5–8.5 mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrous.

2.5–11 mm, pubescent or glabrous.

Flowers

usually pink, rarely white, keel distally yellow (fading white), (2.5–)9–14.5 mm, cleistogamous and semi-cleistogamous flowers mostly 2.5–5 mm, intergrading with chasmogamous flowers;

sepals deciduous, elliptic, 4–6.5 mm, pubescent or glabrous;

wings obovate, (7.5–)8–12 × 2.5–6 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent;

keel (7–)8–11 mm, sac glabrous (sometimes proximally ciliate), beak oblong, (1.2–)1.6–3 × 0.7–1 mm (mostly absent in cleistogamous flowers), usually notched or contorted abaxially, rarely subentire, pubescent.

cream, greenish, or pink, keel distally rose, fading green, 7–14 mm;

sepals deciduous, ovate, elliptic, or suborbiculate, 1.8–4.5(–5.2) mm, pubescent;

wings obovate to elliptic, (6–)6.3–11(–12) × (3–)3.5–5.6(–6) mm, usually pubescent, rarely glabrous, margins ciliate;

keel 7.5–10.2 mm, sac glabrous or sparsely pubescent, beak linear, entire, 0.5–2.5 × 0.2 mm, pubescent.

Capsules

ellipsoid to ovoid, 7.3–10.5 × 4.5–7 mm, in cleistogamous and semi-cleistogamous flowers 4.5–8 mm, base obtuse, rounded, or subtruncate, margins with narrow, entire or slightly erose wing, glabrous, margins sometimes ciliolate.

ovoid to subglobose, 5.9–10.2 × 6–9.6 mm, base rounded to truncate or subcordate, margins with narrow, entire or slightly erose wing, glabrous, margins sometimes ciliolate.

Seeds

3.5–6 mm, densely pubescent;

aril 1.7–4 mm, less than 1/2 length of seed.

4.5–7.3 mm, pubescent;

aril 2–5.2 mm, lobes 1/4–1/2 length of seed.

Cleistogamous

or semi-cleistogamous flowers often present terminally, on much reduced scale-leaved lateral branches from proximal (or distal) leaf axils, or terminally on leafy branches that are often leaf-opposed.

2n

= 18.

Rhinotropis californica

Rhinotropis cornuta

Phenology Flowering spring–summer.
Habitat Rocky or clay soils, deep duff, rich soils, serpentine soils, slopes or drainages, full sun to deep shade, open habitat, chaparral, mixed evergreen forests, oak woodlands, coniferous forests.
Elevation 10–1400 m. (0–4600 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
from USDA
nw Mexico; California
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Rhinotropis californica occurs in western California and Oregon.

Cleistogamous and semi-cleistogamous flowers can appear earlier than chasmogamous flowers. Their flowers, fruits, and seeds are similar to those of chasmogamous flowers, but typically are smaller and without the keel beak.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Flowers (8.5–)9.5–14 mm; sepal wings abaxially densely short-pubescent; upper sepal apex usually acute to acuminate, rarely obtuse or rounded; petioles usually 2–5 mm.
var. cornuta
1. Flowers 7–10.5(–11.2) mm; sepal wings abaxially glabrous or puberulent near apex; upper sepal apex usually rounded or obtuse, occasionally acute; petioles 0.5–3 mm.
var. fishiae
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Rhinotropis Polygalaceae > Rhinotropis
Sibling taxa
R. acanthoclada, R. californica, R. cornuta, R. heterorhyncha, R. intermontana, R. lindheimeri, R. maravillasensis, R. nitida, R. nudata, R. rimulicola, R. rusbyi, R. subspinosa
R. acanthoclada, R. californica, R. heterorhyncha, R. intermontana, R. lindheimeri, R. maravillasensis, R. nitida, R. nudata, R. rimulicola, R. rusbyi, R. subspinosa
Subordinate taxa
R. cornuta var. cornuta, R. cornuta var. fishiae
Synonyms Polygalacalifornica nuttall Polygalacornuta kellogg
Name authority (Nuttall) J. R. Abbott: J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5: 134. (2011) (Kellogg) J. R. Abbott: J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 5: 134. (2011)
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