Polygala appendiculata |
Polygala lutea |
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swamp milkwort |
orange milkwort |
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Habit | Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (1–)2–5(–6) dm, branched distally; from taproot, usually quickly becoming fibrous root cluster. | Herbs biennial or short-lived perennial, single- or multi-stemmed, 0.6–5 dm, unbranched or branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster. |
Stems | erect, glabrous. |
erect, sometimes laxly so, to nearly decumbent, glabrous. |
Leaves | alternate; sessile or subsessile; blade linear to subfiliform, 8–25 × 0.5–1 mm, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous. |
usually with basal rosette; alternate; sessile or subsessile, or with narrow petiolelike region to 1–2 mm; basal blade obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, cauline becoming narrowly ovate or nearly linear distally, basal to 60 × 20 mm, cauline to 40 × 10 mm, succulent, base cuneate, apex bluntly rounded to obtuse or acute, especially distally, surfaces glabrous. |
Racemes | cylindric, 1.5–13 × 0.5–0.6 cm; peduncle 0.5–1 cm; bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate-ovate. |
capitate, 0.8–3.5(–4) × (0.8–)1.2–2 cm; peduncle 3–10 cm; bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate. |
Pedicels | 0.8–1 mm, glabrous. |
winged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous. |
Flowers | usually purplish pink or lavender-pink, rarely white, 1.6–2.2 mm; sepals ovate to narrowly lanceolate-ovate, 0.6–1 mm; wings obovate or elliptic, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded; keel 1.5–2 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–3 lobes on each side. |
usually bright orange, rarely yellow-orange, usually drying pale yellow, 4.5–6 mm; sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate, 1.2–2 mm, ciliolate; wings elliptic, 5–7.5 × 2.7–3.6 mm, apex acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, partially involute; keel 3.5–6 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side, each lobe entire or divided. |
Capsules | oblong to ellipsoid, 1.4–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm, margins not winged. |
broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.2–2.3 mm, margins not winged. |
Seeds | 1–1.2 mm, pubescent; aril 0.1(–0.2) mm, lobes less than 1/8 length of seed. |
1–1.6 mm, pubescent; aril 0.5–1.6 mm, lobes 1/2 to subequal length of seed. |
2n | = 64, 68. |
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Polygala appendiculata |
Polygala lutea |
|
Phenology | Flowering spring–early summer. | Flowering spring–fall (nearly year-round). |
Habitat | Savannas, pastures, bogs, open pine woods, pond margins. | Moist to wet soils (at least seasonally), open fields, savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy mixed pine-hardwoods, bogs, pocosins, pond margins. |
Elevation | 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) | 0–200(–300) m. (0–700(–1000) ft.) |
Distribution |
FL; LA; MS; TX; Central America; South America; Mexico (Campeche, México, Michoacán, Tabasco, Veracruz); West Indies
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AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; PA; SC; VA
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Discussion | Polygala appendiculata is part of a widespread complex in Latin America, potentially representing more than one evolutionary lineage. Even if found to be a single lineage, it is one with a complicated nomenclatural history (J. F. B. Pastore 2013). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
A single lemon-yellow flowered plant of Polygala lutea has been reported from Brunswick County, North Carolina (R. R. Smith and D. B. Ward 1976); populations elsewhere may also produce yellow or yellow-orange flowers. Smith and Ward also reported that a possible hybrid with P. rugelii had over 65% apparently non-functional pollen grains. DNA analysis of the nrITS region (J. R. Abbott, unpubl.) found the hybrids to be polymorphic at all of the bases that differed between the parents; coupled with their rarity in the landscape despite common co-occurrence with the parents, this supports the hypothesis that they are F1 hybrids rather than established introgressives. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 10. | FNA vol. 10. |
Parent taxa | Polygalaceae > Polygala | Polygalaceae > Polygala |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | P. leptocaulis | Pilostaxis lutea |
Name authority | Vellozo: Fl. Flumin., 292. (1829): plate 66. (1831) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753) |
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