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swamp milkwort

orange milkwort

Habit Herbs annual, single-stemmed, (1–)2–5(–6) dm, branched distally; from taproot, usually quickly becoming fibrous root cluster. Herbs biennial or short-lived perennial, single- or multi-stemmed, 0.6–5 dm, unbranched or branched distally; from taproot or fibrous root cluster.
Stems

erect, glabrous.

erect, sometimes laxly so, to nearly decumbent, glabrous.

Leaves

alternate;

sessile or subsessile;

blade linear to subfiliform, 8–25 × 0.5–1 mm, base obtuse to cuneate, apex acute to acuminate, surfaces glabrous.

usually with basal rosette; alternate;

sessile or subsessile, or with narrow petiolelike region to 1–2 mm;

basal blade obovate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, cauline becoming narrowly ovate or nearly linear distally, basal to 60 × 20 mm, cauline to 40 × 10 mm, succulent, base cuneate, apex bluntly rounded to obtuse or acute, especially distally, surfaces glabrous.

Racemes

cylindric, 1.5–13 × 0.5–0.6 cm;

peduncle 0.5–1 cm;

bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate-ovate.

capitate, 0.8–3.5(–4) × (0.8–)1.2–2 cm;

peduncle 3–10 cm;

bracts deciduous, narrowly lanceolate.

Pedicels

0.8–1 mm, glabrous.

winged, 1.5–2.8 mm, glabrous.

Flowers

usually purplish pink or lavender-pink, rarely white, 1.6–2.2 mm;

sepals ovate to narrowly lanceolate-ovate, 0.6–1 mm;

wings obovate or elliptic, 1.5–2 × 0.8–1 mm, apex obtuse to bluntly rounded;

keel 1.5–2 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–3 lobes on each side.

usually bright orange, rarely yellow-orange, usually drying pale yellow, 4.5–6 mm;

sepals decurrent on pedicel, ovate, 1.2–2 mm, ciliolate;

wings elliptic, 5–7.5 × 2.7–3.6 mm, apex acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, partially involute;

keel 3.5–6 mm, crest 2-parted, with 2–4 lobes on each side, each lobe entire or divided.

Capsules

oblong to ellipsoid, 1.4–2 × 0.7–1.1 mm, margins not winged.

broadly ellipsoid to obovoid, 1.2–2.3 mm, margins not winged.

Seeds

1–1.2 mm, pubescent;

aril 0.1(–0.2) mm, lobes less than 1/8 length of seed.

1–1.6 mm, pubescent;

aril 0.5–1.6 mm, lobes 1/2 to subequal length of seed.

2n

= 64, 68.

Polygala appendiculata

Polygala lutea

Phenology Flowering spring–early summer. Flowering spring–fall (nearly year-round).
Habitat Savannas, pastures, bogs, open pine woods, pond margins. Moist to wet soils (at least seasonally), open fields, savannas, pine flatwoods, sandy mixed pine-hardwoods, bogs, poco­sins, pond margins.
Elevation 0–100 m. (0–300 ft.) 0–200(–300) m. (0–700(–1000) ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
FL; LA; MS; TX; Central America; South America; Mexico (Campeche, México, Michoacán, Tabasco, Veracruz); West Indies
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; DE; FL; GA; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; PA; SC; VA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Polygala appendiculata is part of a widespread complex in Latin America, potentially representing more than one evolutionary lineage. Even if found to be a single lineage, it is one with a complicated nomenclatural history (J. F. B. Pastore 2013).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

A single lemon-yellow flowered plant of Polygala lutea has been reported from Brunswick County, North Carolina (R. R. Smith and D. B. Ward 1976); populations elsewhere may also produce yellow or yellow-orange flowers. Smith and Ward also reported that a possible hybrid with P. rugelii had over 65% apparently non-functional pollen grains. DNA analysis of the nrITS region (J. R. Abbott, unpubl.) found the hybrids to be polymorphic at all of the bases that differed between the parents; coupled with their rarity in the landscape despite common co-occurrence with the parents, this supports the hypothesis that they are F1 hybrids rather than established introgressives.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Polygalaceae > Polygala Polygalaceae > Polygala
Sibling taxa
P. alba, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. lutea, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
P. alba, P. appendiculata, P. balduinii, P. boykinii, P. brevifolia, P. chapmanii, P. crenata, P. cruciata, P. curtissii, P. cymosa, P. glochidata, P. hemipterocarpa, P. hookeri, P. incarnata, P. leptostachys, P. lewtonii, P. mariana, P. nana, P. nuttallii, P. polygama, P. ramosa, P. rugelii, P. sanguinea, P. scoparioides, P. senega, P. setacea, P. smallii, P. verticillata, P. vulgaris, P. watsonii
Synonyms P. leptocaulis Pilostaxis lutea
Name authority Vellozo: Fl. Flumin., 292. (1829): plate 66. (1831) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 705. (1753)
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