Flora of North America species comparison

0.8–10 cm.

short to long, sometimes complanate-foliate, unbranched or irregularly 2- to occasionally multifid when sterile;

rhizoids few to many, pigmented, smooth to papillose, often bearing multicellular tubers.

laxly spreading to more stiffly erect, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 0.6–1.2 mm;

margins weakly to strongly serrulate in distal 1/3;

costa ending well before apex;

distal medial laminal cells laxly and broadly hexagonal to rhomboidal, 65–110 µm, walls thin.

imbricate to slightly twisted when dry, erect to erect-spreading when moist, narrowly lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic;

base decurrent or not;

margins plane or revolute, finely serrate to serrulate near apex, rarely entire;

apex bluntly acute, acute, or short-acuminate;

costa ending well before apex, subpercurrent, percurrent, or rarely short-excurrent, stereid band 1, well developed or occasionally reduced, guide cells usually present;

proximal laminal cells usually rectangular, walls thin;

distal medial cells elongate-hexagonal, rhombic, linear-rhomboidal, or sometimes narrowly vermicular, walls thin to thick;

marginal cells undifferentiated to weakly but distinctly differentiated from medial cells [differentiated as distinct border, rarely red].

orange-brown.

1(–5), elongate.

dioicous;

perigonial leaves ovate;

perichaetial leaves weakly differentiated, lanceolate.

dioicous, paroicous, autoicous, or rarely synoicous or polyoicous;

perigonia and perichaetia terminal or lateral;

perigonia budlike, leaves broadly ovate, concave, base often brown to reddish, apex acute to long-acuminate, acumen erect to wide-spreading;

perichaetial leaves same size as or smaller than vegetative leaves, sometimes strongly differentiated, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, costa weaker.

inclined ± 180°, brown to red-brown, sometimes stramineous, short-pyriform to urceolate, neck less than 1/3 urn length;

exothecial cells isodiametric, walls sinuate;

stomata immersed;

annulus absent;

operculum short- to long-conic;

exostome teeth light brown to red-brown, triangular-acute;

endostome hyaline to yellow, basal membrane 1/2 exostome length or slightly longer, segments tapered apically, distinctly keeled, broadly perforate, cilia long, nodulose.

erect, inclined to 180°, or pendulous, long-exserted, narrowly cylindric to broadly pyriform or urceolate, neck well differentiated, sometimes 1+ times urn length;

exothecial cells near mouth quadrate or short-rectangular, often reddish, in 1–3+ rows, walls thick, medial cells longer, short- to long-rectangular, rarely isodiametric, walls straight or sinuate, sometimes collenchymatous;

stomata many in neck, superficial to immersed;

annulus revoluble or absent;

operculum convex, short- to long-conic, sometimes short-rostrate;

peristome diplolepidous-alternate, rarely reduced or absent, 4:2:4–6(–8);

exostome white, pale yellow to brown, or rarely red, teeth triangular to lanceolate, rarely reduced or absent, trabeculate or not, pitted or rarely papillose proximally, coarsely or rarely finely papillose distally;

endostome hyaline to yellow, basal membrane low to high, sometimes scarcely exceeding capsule rim, segments narrow to wide, strongly to weakly or scarcely keeled, rarely absent or reduced to rudimentary membrane, broadly to narrowly perforate or less commonly not, cilia absent or 1–3, as long as segments or shorter, nodulose or not.

fugacious, cucullate, smooth.

15–21 µm, finely roughened.

smooth to papillose, pale yellow, tan, or nearly hyaline, rarely darker.

asexual reproduction absent.

asexual reproduction absent or by spheric to ovoid rhizoidal tubers or axillary filiform to bulbiform gemmae.