Flora of North America species comparison

0.5–3.5(–10) cm.

short to long, sometimes complanate-foliate, unbranched or irregularly 2- to occasionally multifid when sterile;

rhizoids few to many, pigmented, smooth to papillose, often bearing multicellular tubers.

erect to ± spreading, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 2 mm;

base not or scarcely decurrent;

margins subentire or more often serrulate to serrate in distal 1/3;

costa subpercurrent, percurrent, or rarely short-excurrent;

distal medial laminal cells hexagonal to rhomboidal, firm, 50–90 µm, walls moderately thick.

imbricate to slightly twisted when dry, erect to erect-spreading when moist, narrowly lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, or elliptic;

base decurrent or not;

margins plane or revolute, finely serrate to serrulate near apex, rarely entire;

apex bluntly acute, acute, or short-acuminate;

costa ending well before apex, subpercurrent, percurrent, or rarely short-excurrent, stereid band 1, well developed or occasionally reduced, guide cells usually present;

proximal laminal cells usually rectangular, walls thin;

distal medial cells elongate-hexagonal, rhombic, linear-rhomboidal, or sometimes narrowly vermicular, walls thin to thick;

marginal cells undifferentiated to weakly but distinctly differentiated from medial cells [differentiated as distinct border, rarely red].

orange to orange-brown.

1(–5), elongate.

paroicous, rarely dioicous;

perigonial leaves ovate-lanceolate;

perichaetial leaves somewhat differentiated, ± long-lanceolate.

dioicous, paroicous, autoicous, or rarely synoicous or polyoicous;

perigonia and perichaetia terminal or lateral;

perigonia budlike, leaves broadly ovate, concave, base often brown to reddish, apex acute to long-acuminate, acumen erect to wide-spreading;

perichaetial leaves same size as or smaller than vegetative leaves, sometimes strongly differentiated, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, costa weaker.

inclined 80–100°, orange to orange-brown, slender-pyriform, neck 1/2 urn length;

exothecial cells elongate-rectangular, walls straight;

stomata superficial;

annulus present;

operculum conic;

exostome teeth yellow to orange-brown, acute-triangular;

endostome hyaline or rarely orange-brown, basal membrane 1/2 exostome length, segments tapered apically, broadly keeled, broadly perforate, cilia short to long.

erect, inclined to 180°, or pendulous, long-exserted, narrowly cylindric to broadly pyriform or urceolate, neck well differentiated, sometimes 1+ times urn length;

exothecial cells near mouth quadrate or short-rectangular, often reddish, in 1–3+ rows, walls thick, medial cells longer, short- to long-rectangular, rarely isodiametric, walls straight or sinuate, sometimes collenchymatous;

stomata many in neck, superficial to immersed;

annulus revoluble or absent;

operculum convex, short- to long-conic, sometimes short-rostrate;

peristome diplolepidous-alternate, rarely reduced or absent, 4:2:4–6(–8);

exostome white, pale yellow to brown, or rarely red, teeth triangular to lanceolate, rarely reduced or absent, trabeculate or not, pitted or rarely papillose proximally, coarsely or rarely finely papillose distally;

endostome hyaline to yellow, basal membrane low to high, sometimes scarcely exceeding capsule rim, segments narrow to wide, strongly to weakly or scarcely keeled, rarely absent or reduced to rudimentary membrane, broadly to narrowly perforate or less commonly not, cilia absent or 1–3, as long as segments or shorter, nodulose or not.

fugacious, cucullate, smooth.

16–22 µm, finely to distinctly roughened.

smooth to papillose, pale yellow, tan, or nearly hyaline, rarely darker.

asexual reproduction typically absent.

asexual reproduction absent or by spheric to ovoid rhizoidal tubers or axillary filiform to bulbiform gemmae.