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horn-leaf riverweed, podostémon à feuilles cornées, threadfoot

Habit Herbs, [annual] perennial, aquatic, attached to rocks and other solid substrata in rapids and waterfalls, submersed in vegetative stage, becoming reproductive as water level drops, exposing plants to air.
Roots

flattened or elliptic, 0.3–1.1 mm diam.

prostrate, elongate, root cap asymmetric.

Stems

1.8–9 mm apart, 0.4–300 × 0.5–1.5 mm at base.

often trailing in connate basally;

stamens [1–]2[–many], [1–2-whorled or incompletely 1-whorled] restricted to 1 side of flower;

filaments arising from andropodium [individually, not from andropodium], distinct or connate basally;

ovary 2[or 3]-carpellate;

stigmas 2[or 3], apical.

Leaves

stipules caducous (absent from leaves 3–9 nodes back from stem apex), 0.5–3.6 mm, margins entire;

petiole arising perpendicular to stem axis or upright, 0.4–59 mm;

blade 1–13 times dichotomously divided, 1.7–142 mm, ultimate divisions flattened, spatulate, linear, or awl-shaped, 0.2–40 × 0.05–0.8 mm, central vein faint or absent.

Inflorescences

spathella 1.5–6.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm.

Pedicels

0.4–2.9 mm, to 0.6–10.5 mm in anthesis, 0.5–9 mm in fruit.

Flowers

tepals linear or awl-shaped, apex acute, lateral tepals 0.7–2 mm, andropodial tepals 0.1–1.1 mm;

andropodium 0.1–3.3 mm, 0.7–4.3 mm in anthesis;

filaments 0.2–0.9 mm, 0.3–2 mm in anthesis;

anthers 0.5–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 mm;

ovary 0.7–2.6 × 0.4–1.4 mm;

stigmas 0.3–1.4 mm, 0.4–1.5 mm in anthesis.

Fruits

capsular, 2-valved [3-valved in Tristicha], [valves persistent] 1 valve falling away after dehiscence.

Capsules

1.4–3.1 × 0.7–1.7 mm.

Seeds

0.4–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm.

0–40[–numerous] per capsule, orange-brown, minute, ovoid, outer integument expanded and sticky when wet.

Podostemum ceratophyllum

Podostemaceae

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep.
Habitat Attached to rocks and other solid substrata in swift currents
Elevation 0–800 m (0–2600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; GA; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; West Indies (Dominican Republic); Central America (Honduras)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
e North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; c North America; West Indies; Africa; se Asia; India; n Australia; pantropical
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Podostemum ceratophyllum is listed as rare, endangered, or of special concern in some regions. Paucity of appropriate habitat and human disturbances (for example, siltation, damming) have contributed to conservation concerns.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Genera ca. 50, species ca. 260 (1 in the flora).

Molecular evidence indicates that Podostemaceae is related to Clusiaceae within the Malpighiales (M. H. G. Gustafsson et al. 2002). Structural modifications of vegetative features has led to controversy regarding how best to interpret the structural categories of root, shoot, and leaf in Podostemaceae (for example, I. Jäger-Zürn 2005; R. Rutishauser 1997).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 6, p. 70. FNA vol. 6, p. 69. Authors: C. Thomas Philbrick, Garrett E. Crow.
Parent taxa Podostemaceae > Podostemum
Subordinate taxa
Synonyms Lacis ceratophylla, P. abrotanoides, P. ceratophyllum var. abrotanoides, P. ceratophyllum var. circumvallatum, P. ceratophyllum var. fluitans
Name authority Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 165, plate 44. (1803) Richard ex Kunth
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