Podostemum ceratophyllum |
Podostemaceae |
|
---|---|---|
horn-leaf riverweed, podostémon à feuilles cornées, threadfoot |
|
|
Habit | Herbs, [annual] perennial, aquatic, attached to rocks and other solid substrata in rapids and waterfalls, submersed in vegetative stage, becoming reproductive as water level drops, exposing plants to air. | |
Roots | flattened or elliptic, 0.3–1.1 mm diam. |
prostrate, elongate, root cap asymmetric. |
Stems | 1.8–9 mm apart, 0.4–300 × 0.5–1.5 mm at base. |
often trailing in connate basally; stamens [1–]2[–many], [1–2-whorled or incompletely 1-whorled] restricted to 1 side of flower; filaments arising from andropodium [individually, not from andropodium], distinct or connate basally; ovary 2[or 3]-carpellate; stigmas 2[or 3], apical. |
Leaves | stipules caducous (absent from leaves 3–9 nodes back from stem apex), 0.5–3.6 mm, margins entire; petiole arising perpendicular to stem axis or upright, 0.4–59 mm; blade 1–13 times dichotomously divided, 1.7–142 mm, ultimate divisions flattened, spatulate, linear, or awl-shaped, 0.2–40 × 0.05–0.8 mm, central vein faint or absent. |
|
Inflorescences | spathella 1.5–6.2 × 0.8–1.8 mm. |
|
Pedicels | 0.4–2.9 mm, to 0.6–10.5 mm in anthesis, 0.5–9 mm in fruit. |
|
Flowers | tepals linear or awl-shaped, apex acute, lateral tepals 0.7–2 mm, andropodial tepals 0.1–1.1 mm; andropodium 0.1–3.3 mm, 0.7–4.3 mm in anthesis; filaments 0.2–0.9 mm, 0.3–2 mm in anthesis; anthers 0.5–1.5 × 0.4–0.8 mm; ovary 0.7–2.6 × 0.4–1.4 mm; stigmas 0.3–1.4 mm, 0.4–1.5 mm in anthesis. |
|
Fruits | capsular, 2-valved [3-valved in Tristicha], [valves persistent] 1 valve falling away after dehiscence. |
|
Capsules | 1.4–3.1 × 0.7–1.7 mm. |
|
Seeds | 0.4–0.8 × 0.5–0.8 mm. |
0–40[–numerous] per capsule, orange-brown, minute, ovoid, outer integument expanded and sticky when wet. |
Podostemum ceratophyllum |
Podostemaceae |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | |
Habitat | Attached to rocks and other solid substrata in swift currents | |
Elevation | 0–800 m (0–2600 ft) | |
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; GA; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MS; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; West Indies (Dominican Republic); Central America (Honduras)
|
e North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; c North America; West Indies; Africa; se Asia; India; n Australia; pantropical |
Discussion | Podostemum ceratophyllum is listed as rare, endangered, or of special concern in some regions. Paucity of appropriate habitat and human disturbances (for example, siltation, damming) have contributed to conservation concerns. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera ca. 50, species ca. 260 (1 in the flora). Molecular evidence indicates that Podostemaceae is related to Clusiaceae within the Malpighiales (M. H. G. Gustafsson et al. 2002). Structural modifications of vegetative features has led to controversy regarding how best to interpret the structural categories of root, shoot, and leaf in Podostemaceae (for example, I. Jäger-Zürn 2005; R. Rutishauser 1997). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 70. | FNA vol. 6, p. 69. |
Parent taxa | Podostemaceae > Podostemum | |
Subordinate taxa | ||
Synonyms | Lacis ceratophylla, P. abrotanoides, P. ceratophyllum var. abrotanoides, P. ceratophyllum var. circumvallatum, P. ceratophyllum var. fluitans | |
Name authority | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 165, plate 44. (1803) | Richard ex Kunth |
Web links |