Flora of North America species comparison

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Pleuropogon californicus

Pleuropogon

annual semaphoregrass, California semaphoregrass, semaphore grass

pleuropogon, semaphore grass
Habit Plants annual or perennial; cespitose, with many innovations, not rhizomatous, or with poorly developed rhizomes. Plants annual or perennial; cespitose or rhizomatous.
Culms

15-95 cm, erect or geniculate at the base, sometimes rooting at the lower nodes;

nodes 3-6.

5-160 cm, erect or geniculate at the base, glabrous;

basal branching extravaginal.
Sheaths

glabrous;

ligules 2-6 mm;

blades 3-29 cm long, 3-8 mm wide, adaxial surfaces slightly scabridulous.

closed almost to the top;

ligules membranous;

blades flat to folded, adaxial surfaces with prominent midribs.
Racemes

8-35 cm, with 6-13 spikelets;

internodes 1-6 cm;

pedicels 1-5.5(9) mm, ascending to spreading.

Inflorescences

terminal, racemes, rarely panicles.
Spikelets

15-60 mm, ascending to spreading, with 7-20(30) florets, lower florets bisexual, upper florets pistillate, terminal florets sterile.

laterally compressed, with 5-20(30) florets, upper florets reduced;

disarticulation above the glumes and beneath the florets.
Glumes

lanceolate to broadly ovate;

lower glumes 1-4.5 mm;

upper glumes 2-6.5 mm, 1-3-veined;

rachilla internodes 1-2.8 mm long, 0.2-0.5 mm thick, with a glandular swelling at the base;

lemmas 4.5-7.5 mm, 7(9)-veined, veins distinct, often prominent, apices truncate or emarginate, unawned or awned, awns to 11 mm;

paleal keels scabridulous, each with a 0.5-2.5 mm triangular, winglike appendage, often denticulate beyond the appendage;

anthers 2.5-4 mm.

unequal to subequal, shorter than the adjacent lemmas, membranous to subhyaline, margins scarious;

lower glumes 1-veined;

upper glumes 1-3-veined;

rachilla internodes in some species swollen and glandular basally, the glandular portion turning whitish when dry;

calluses rounded, glabrous;

lemmas thick, herbaceous to membranous, 7(9)-veined, veins parallel, margins scarious, apices scarious, entire or emarginate, midvein sometimes extended into an awn, awns straight;

paleas subequal to the lemmas, 2-veined, keeled over each vein, keels winged, with 1 or 2 awns or a flat triangular appendage;

lodicules 2, completely fused;

anthers 3, opening by pores;

ovaries glabrous, x = 8, 9, 10.
Caryopses

2.5-3.1 mm.

Pleuropogon californicus

Pleuropogon
Distribution
from FNA
CA
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; CA; OR; WA; BC; NF; NU; ON; QC; Greenland
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Pleuropogon is a genus of five hydrophilous species, one circumboreal in the arctic, the other four restricted to the Pacific coast of North America, extending from southern British Columbia to central California. The Pacific coast species are sometimes treated as a separate genus, Lophochlaena Nees, but are here regarded as constituting a subgenus of Pleuropogon.

The flat, triangular paleal appendages differ from bristly or flattened awns in being wider at the base, and smooth rather than scabrous.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Plants annual or facultative perennials; lemmas usually with awns 5-11 mm long, rarely unawned; paleal appendages 0.5-2.5 mm long; spikelets 15-30 mm long
var. californicus
1. Plants perennial; lemmas unawned, sometimes mucronate, mucros to 1.5 mm long; paleal appendages 0.5-1 mm long; spikelets 25-60 mm long
var. davyi
1. Paleal keels each with 2 awns, the lower awn 1-3 mm long, the upper awn 0.3-1 mm long: lemmas 3.5-5 mm long; plants of the arctic (subg. Pleuropogon)
P. sabinei
1. Paleal keels each with 1 awn 3-9 mm long, or a triangular appendage; lemmas 4.5-10 mm long; plants of the Pacific Northwest and California (subg. Lophochlaena).
→ 2
2. Lowest lemma in each spikelet 4.5-7.5 mm long; culms 15-95 cm tall; caryopses 2.5-3.1 mm long.
→ 3
3. Paleal keels unawned, with a triangular appendage; rhizomes absent or poorly developed; rachilla internodes with a glandular swelling at the base
P. californicus
3. Paleal keels with an awn 3-9 mm long, without a triangular appendage; rhizomes strongly developed; rachilla internodes without a glandular swelling at the base
P. oregonus
2. Lowest lemma in each spikelet 8-10 mm ong; culms mostly 100-160 cm tall; caryopses 3.5-6 mm long.
→ 4
4. Lemma awns 0.2-4 mm long; pedicels usually erect, rarely reflexed, the spikelets erect or ascending at maturity
P. hooverianus
4. Lemma awns (5)9-20 mm long; pedicels reflexed, the spikelets pendent at maturity
P. refractus
Source FNA vol. 24. FNA vol. 24, p. 103. Author: Paul P.H. But;.
Parent taxa Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Meliceae > Pleuropogon Poaceae > subfam. Pooideae > tribe Meliceae
Sibling taxa
P. hooverianus, P. oregonus, P. refractus, P. sabinei
Subordinate taxa
P. californicus var. californicus, P. californicus var. davyi
P. californicus, P. hooverianus, P. oregonus, P. refractus, P. sabinei
Name authority (Nees) Benth. ex Vasey R. Br.
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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