Flora of North America species comparison

green or yellow-green, crisped and contorted, distally often densely twisted around stem when dry, flat when moist, obovate or elliptic, 3–5(–7) mm;

base decurrent or not;

margins toothed to 2/3 leaf length or sometimes just past mid leaf or to base, teeth sharp, of 1–2(–3) cells;

apex acute, acuminate, or rarely obtuse or rounded, cuspidate, cusp toothed;

costa percurrent, excurrent, or rarely subpercurrent;

medial laminal cells short-elongate or ± isodiametric, (17–)25–40(–45) µm, slightly smaller near margins, in longitudinal, rarely diagonal rows, strongly collenchymatous, walls not pitted;

marginal cells linear, in (3–)4–5 rows.

dark green or yellow-green, contorted when dry, transversely undulate when moist, oblong-lingulate, lingulate, narrowly ligulate, or rarely narrowly elliptic, 6–10(–14) mm;

base long-decurrent;

margins toothed to near base, teeth sharp, of 1 (or 2) cells;

apex obtuse or rounded, occasionally acute, usually cuspidate, cusp toothed;

costa excurrent;

medial laminal cells elongate or short-elongate, (12–)15–30(–40) µm, slightly smaller near margins, occasionally in longitudinal rows, rarely in diagonal rows, collenchymatous, walls pitted or not;

marginal cells linear, in (2–)3–4 rows.

1–4(–6), yellow, reddish at base, 3–4 cm.

synoicous.

dioicous.

horizontal to pendent, oblong, 3–4.5 mm, neck distinct, brown, often wrinkled;

operculum conic-apiculate.

pendent, oblong-cylindric, 2.5–3 mm, neck not distinct;

operculum rostrate.

34–40 µm.

30–35 µm].

stems 2–4(–6) cm, not dendroid;

sterile stems absent.

stems 1–10 cm, ± dendroid;

sterile stems to 10(–15) cm.

asexual reproduction by stolonlike stems.