Pinus cembroides |
Pinus |
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Mexican pinyon, pino piñonero, piñón |
pine |
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Habit | Shrubs or trees to 15m; trunk to 0.3m diam., strongly tapering, much branched; crown rounded. | Trees or shrubs aromatic, evergreen; crown usually conic when young, often rounded or flat-topped with age. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bark | red-brown to dark brown, shallowly and irregularly furrowed, ridges broad, scaly. |
of older stems variously furrowed and plated, plates and/or ridges layered or scaly. |
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Branches | spreading-ascending; twigs red-brown, sometimes finely papillate, aging gray to gray-brown. |
usually in pseudowhorls; shoots dimorphic with long shoots and short shoots; short shoots borne in close spirals from axils of scaly bracts and bearing fascicles of leaves (needles). |
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Buds | ovoid to short cylindric, pale red-brown, 0.5–1.2cm, slightly resinous. |
ovoid to cylindric, apex pointed (blunt), usually resinous. |
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Leaves | (2–)3(–4) per fascicle, spreading to upcurved, persisting 3–4 years, 2–6cm × 0.6–0.9(–1)mm, connivent, 2–3-sided, blue- to gray-green, abaxial surface not conspicuously whitened with stomatal bands or if stomatal bands present, these less conspicuous than on adaxial surfaces, often with 2 subepidermal resin bands evident, adaxial surfaces conspicuously whitened with stomatal lines, margins entire to finely serrulate, apex narrowly conic or subulate; sheath 0.5–0.7cm, scales soon recurved, forming rosette, shed early. |
dimorphic, spirally arranged; foliage leaves (needles) (1–)2–5(–6) per fascicle, persisting 2–12 or more years, terete or ± 2–3-angled and rounded on abaxial surface, sessile, sheathed at base by 12–15 overlapping scale leaves, these (at least firmer basal ones) persisting for life of fascicle or shed after first season; resin canals 2 or more. |
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Pollen cones | ellipsoid, to 10mm, yellow. |
in dense, spikelike cluster around base of current year's growth, mostly ovoid to cylindric-conic, tan to yellow, red, blue, or lavender. |
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Seed(s) | cones maturing in 2 years, shedding seeds and falling soon thereafter, spreading, symmetric, ovoid before opening, broadly depressed-ovoid to nearly globose when open, 1–3.5cm, pale yellow- to pale red-brown, resinous, nearly sessile or short-stalked; apophyses thickened, slightly domed, angulate, transversely keeled; umbo subcentral, slightly raised to depressed, truncate or umbilicate. |
cones maturing in 2(–3) years, shed early or variously persistent, pendent to ± erect, at maturity conic or cylindric, sessile or stalked, shedding seed soon after maturity or variously serotinous (not opening upon maturity but much later); scales persistent, woody or pliable, surface of exposed apical portion of each scale (apophysis) thickened, with umbo (exposed scale surface of young cone) represented by a scar (sometimes apiculate) or extended into a hook, spur, claw, or prickle; bracts included. |
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x | =12. |
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2n | =24. |
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Pinus cembroides |
Pinus |
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Habitat | Pinyon-juniper woodland, foothills, mesas, tablelands | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 700–2300m (2300–7500ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AZ; NM; TX; Mexico
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North America; Mexico; Central America; Widespread in north temperate and north tropical (mountainous) regions; West Indies; Eurasia (including 1 crossing equator in Sumatra); n Africa; Pacific Islands in Sumatra |
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Discussion | Pinus cembroides is the common pinyon of Mexican commerce. Populations of the Edwards Plateau, Texas, are disjunct about 150km east and north of the main area of distribution of the species, and they have been described as a distinct variety, P. cembroides var. remota Little, on the basis of thin seed shell and a higher frequency of 2-leaved fascicles in contrast to the thicker seed shell and prevalently 3-leaved fascicles in Mexican pinyon populations to the west and south. The strong overlap in nearly all character states between the populations of the Edwards Plateau and other populations makes var. remota difficult to maintain. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
In many areas Pinus is a forest dominant, either early successional and thus weedy or often longer-lived and part of climax forest. Certain southern pines, especially fire successional species, have a "grass stage," i.e., the stem of the young seedling elongates little during the first several years and bears many long, curved leaves, the plant then reminiscent of a dense clump of grass. Nomenclature used here, and to a very large degree the taxonomy, follows Elbert L.Little Jr. (1971), former Chief Dendrologist, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Much work is being done with problematic groups, particularly complexes in Pinus contorta, the pinyons, the bristlecone pines, and P. ponderosa and related taxa. Considerable chemotaxonomic and genetic data are available on the genus, but coverage is far from comprehensive. Therefore, the conservative approach used in this treatment emphasizes external morphology. Users of this account of Pinus should note the following. Leaf measurements given herein are based on healthy, fully expanded growth, especially that of cone-bearing branches. Fascicle-sheath measurements are based on fully developed, unbroken sheaths, not on sheaths as they later break up. After pollen is shed, pollen cones may lengthen considerably. Measurements given below for pollen cones are those of the cones at the time that pollen is released. Colors of seed cones are those of mature, closed or newly opened cones, not of old, open, persistent cones or of weathered serotinous cones. Mature, open cones may be hygroscopic, closing partially or completely when wet. Descriptions of apophyses, too, are based on mature, closed or newly opened cones. Unlike characters of umbos of most species, characters of apophyses are much altered as the cone grows. The term "twig" is used here to refer to growth of the current season. Leaf dimorphism is a problem. In some species, for example, low rainfall and beyond-normal stresses in the environment can lead to sets of atypically short leaves. There are also pathologic abnormalities, e.g., "little-leaf" disease in Pinus echinata. Such responses are not accounted for. Two exotic species of Pinus have been reported as naturalized in the flora: P. nigra Arnott (Illinois) and P. thunbergiana Franco (P. thunbergii Parlatore) (Massachusetts). These are not included in the key below, where they would key to P. resinosa. Both are distinguished from that species by their fresh leaves, which bend—rather than break—when bent; by their pale silvery—not reddish brown—winter buds; by their seed-cone scales, some or all of which are minutely armed—rather than unarmed; and by their apophyses, which at the time of seed-shed are cream to light brown or gray—rather than light red-brown. They are distinguished from each other as follows: P. nigra —seed cones sessile with base rounded, terminal bud resinous, and leaves sometimes with central resin canals; and P. thunbergiana —seed cones stalked with base more or less truncate, terminal bud not resinous, and leaves lacking central resin canals. Pine (Pinus) has been adopted by Arkansas as the state tree. Southern pine (Pinus spp.) is the state tree of Alabama. Species ca. 100 (38 in the flora with 37 native and 1 widely naturalized). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 2. | FNA vol. 2. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Pinaceae > Pinus | Pinaceae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | P. cembroides var. bicolor, P. cembroides var. remota, P. discolor, P. remota | Apinus, Strobus, Caryopitys | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Zuccarini: Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 1: 392. (1832) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 1000. ; Gen Pl. ed. 5. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 434, (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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