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American pokeweed, pigeonberry, poke, pokeberry, pokeweed

pokeberry, pokeweed

Habit Plants to 3(–7) m. Leaves: petiole 1–6 cm; blade lanceolate to ovate, to 35 × 18 cm, base rounded to cordate, apex acuminate. Herbs [shrubs or trees], perennial.
Leaves

alternate.

Racemes

open, proximalmost pedicels sometimes bearing 2–few flowers, erect to drooping, 6–30 cm;

peduncle to 15 cm;

pedicel 3–13 mm.

Inflorescences

axillary, terminal, or leaf-opposed racemes or spikes, 5–100-flowered, proximalmost pedicels sometimes bearing more than 1 flower.

Flowers

sepals 5, white or greenish white to pinkish or purplish, ovate to suborbiculate, equal to subequal, 2.5–3.3 mm;

stamens (9–)10(–12) in 1 whorl;

carpels 6–12, connate at least in proximal 1/2;

ovary 6–12-loculed.

sepals 5–8;

stamens (7–)8–25(–30), sometimes in 1–2 whorls;

carpels 6–12(–30), distinct or connate at least proximally;

if connate, ovary 6–12-loculed;

style and stigma 1 per carpel.

Fruits

either oblate berries, style persisting in ring at apex, or group of lenticular achenes.

Berries

purple-black, 6–11 mm diam.

Seeds

black, lenticular, 3 mm, shiny.

6–12(–30) per berry or 1 per achene.

2n

= 36.

Phytolacca americana

Phytolacca

Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; NB; ON; QC [Introduced in Europe]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from USDA
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Eurasia; Africa; Pacific Islands; Australia
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

The infraspecific taxonomy of Phytolacca americana has been disputed since J. K. Small (1905) recognized P. rigida as distinct from P. americana on the basis of its “permanently erect panicles” [sic] and “pedicels…much shorter than the diameter of the berries.” J. W. Hardin (1964b) separated P. rigida from P. americana by the length of the raceme (2–12 cm in P. rigida, 5–30 cm in P. americana) and the thickness and diameter of the xylem center of the peduncle (70% greater thickness in P. rigida, 17% greater diameter in P. americana), but he found no discontinuities in any feature. J. W. Nowicke (1968) and J. D. Sauer (1952), among others, treated P. rigida as a synonym of P. americana. Most recently, D. B. Caulkins and R. Wyatt (1990) recognized P. rigida as a variety of P. americana.

The varieties are not always clearly distinct. Some specimens combine the erect inflorescences of var. rigida with the long pedicels of var. americana. Such intermediate plants can be seen as far north as coastal Delaware, sometimes growing with var. americana.

Collectors of Phytolacca americana should record carefully whether the inflorescences are erect, drooping, or intermediate between the extremes.

The fruits and seeds of Phytolacca americana are eaten and disseminated by birds and, probably, mammals. They are said to be an important source of food for mourning doves (A. C. Martin et al. 1951).

Phytolacca americana is well known to herbalists, cell biologists, and toxicologists. According to some accounts, its young leaves, after being boiled in two waters (the first being discarded) to deactivate toxins, are edible, even being available canned (they pose no culinary threat to spinach). Young shoots are eaten as a substitute for asparagus. Ripe berries were used to color wine and are eaten (cooked) in pies. Poke is used as an emetic, a purgative, a suppurative, a spring tonic, and a treatment for various skin maladies, especially hemorrhoids.

Pokeweed mitogen is a mixture of glycoprotein lectins that are powerful immune stimulants, promoting T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation and increased immunoglobulin levels. “Accidental exposure to juices from Phytolacca americana via ingestion, breaks in the skin, and the conjunctiva has brought about hematological changes in numerous people, including researchers studying this species” (G. K. Rogers 1985). Poke antiviral proteins are of great interest for their broad, potent antiviral (including Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and antifungal properties (P. Wang et al. 1998). Saponins found in P. americana and P. dodecandra are lethal to the molluscan intermediate host of schistosomiasis (J. M. Pezzuto et al. 1984). The toxic compounds in P. americana are phytolaccatoxin and related triterpene saponins, the alkaloid phytolaccin, various histamines, and oxalic acid. When ingested, the roots, leaves, and fruits may poison animals, including Homo sapiens. Symptoms of poke poisoning include sweating, burning of the mouth and throat, severe gastritis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, blurred vision, elevated white-blood-cell counts, unconsciousness, and, rarely, death.

“Poke” is thought to come from “pocan” or “puccoon,” probably from the Algonquin term for a plant that contains dye.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species ca. 25 (6 in the flora).

Phytolacca dioica Linnaeus, the ombú, a fast-growing, wide-spreading, evergreen, unisexual South American tree to 25 m, is sparingly cultivated in the warmest regions of the flora.

Yet to be written is the last word on the taxonomy and nomenclature of our introduced taxa of Phytolacca.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Pedicels longer than 6 mm in fruit, longer than berries; racemes (10-)12-30 cm (excluding peduncles), divergent or usually drooping; various habitats, widespread.
var. americana
1. Pedicels shorter than 6(-7) mm in fruit, shorter than berries; racemes 6-9(-13.5) cm, erect; e coastal United States, North Carolina and Vir- ginia to Texas.
var. rigida
1. Carpels distinct; fruits achenes
P. acinosa
1. Carpels connate, at least in proximal 1/2; fruits berries
→ 2
2. Inflorescences spikes or spikelike; pedicel absent or 0.5- 2(-4) mm
→ 3
2. Inflorescences racemes; pedicel 2-13 mm
→ 4
3. Inflorescences longer than subtending leaves; stamens, at least in middle and proximal flowers, (8-)10-22(-30), in 2 whorls
P. icosandra
3. Inflorescences equaling or shorter than subtending leaves; stamens (7-)8-10, in 1 whorl
P. octandra
4. Stamens usually in 2 whorls; sepals strikingly unequal, largest about 2 times as wide as smallest; California
P. heterotepala
4. Stamens usually in 1 whorl; sepals ± equal or subequal; not restricted to California
→ 5
5. Inflorescences open racemes; pedicel 3-13 mm; widely distributed
P. americana
5. Inflorescences dense racemes; pedicel 2-4 mm; Maryland
P. bogotensis
Source FNA vol. 4, p. 7. FNA vol. 4, p. 6.
Parent taxa Phytolaccaceae > Phytolacca Phytolaccaceae
Sibling taxa
P. acinosa, P. bogotensis, P. heterotepala, P. icosandra, P. octandra
Subordinate taxa
P. americana var. americana, P. americana var. rigida
P. acinosa, P. americana, P. bogotensis, P. heterotepala, P. icosandra, P. octandra
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 441. (1753) Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 441. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 200. (1754)
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