Phyllanthus caroliniensis |
Phyllanthus fraternus |
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Carolina leaf-flower |
gulf leaf-flower |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or perennial, without caudex or rhizomes, monoecious, 1–4.5 dm; branching not phyllanthoid. | Herbs, annual, monoecious, 1–4 dm; branching phyllanthoid. | ||||
Stems | terete, not winged [narrowly winged], glabrous or scabridulous. |
main stems angled, not winged, glabrous; ultimate branchlets subterete, narrowly winged, ± scabridulous. |
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Leaves | distichous; all well developed; stipules auriculate, pale brown or reddish brown; blade elliptic or oblong to obovate, 5–20(–30) × 2–10(–15) mm, base acute, apex obtuse to rounded and apiculate, both surfaces glabrous or scabridulous. |
on main stems spiral, scalelike; stipules not auriculate, pale green to nearly white.; leaves on ultimate branchlets distichous, well developed; stipules not auriculate, pale green to nearly white; blade elliptic-oblong, 6–11 × 3–5 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, apex rounded, both surfaces glabrous. |
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Inflorescences | cymules, bisexual, with 1–3(–5) pistillate flowers and 1–2 staminate flowers. |
cymules or flowers solitary, unisexual, proximal with 2–3 staminate flowers, distal with 1 pistillate flower. |
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Pedicels | staminate 0.5–1 mm, pistillate sharply reflexed in fruit, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm. |
staminate 0.2–0.5 mm, pistillate spreading in fruit, 1.3–2 mm. |
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Staminate flowers | sepals (5–)6, pale yellowish green, flat, 0.5–0.7 mm; nectary extrastaminal, 6 glands; stamens 3, filaments distinct. |
sepals 6, white to pale yellow, flat, 0.4–0.7 mm; nectary extrastaminal, 6 glands; stamens 3, filaments connate throughout. |
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Pistillate flowers | sepals (5–)6(–7), green, often suffused with red, with scarious margins, flat, 0.6–1.4 mm, 1-veined; nectary cupular or annular, lobed or unlobed. |
sepals 6, green with broad white margins, flat, (1–)1.2–1.5 mm, 1-veined; nectary annular, 6–9-lobed. |
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Capsules | 1.6–2 mm diam., smooth. |
2.1 mm diam., smooth. |
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Seeds | uniformly brown, 0.7–1.1 mm, verrucose. |
uniformly brown, 0.9–1.1 mm, longitudinally ribbed. |
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2n | = 36 (subsp. guianensis, West Indies). |
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Phyllanthus caroliniensis |
Phyllanthus fraternus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting year-round. | |||||
Habitat | Fields, roadsides, gardens, other disturbed areas. | |||||
Elevation | 0–30 m. (0–100 ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in se Asia]
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FL; GA; LA; MS; SC; TX; s Asia (India, Pakistan) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in West Indies, Bermuda, w Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands] |
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Discussion | Subspecies 4 (2 in the flora). Phyllanthus caroliniensis is the most widespread Phyllanthus in the flora area and in the Americas. In addition to the two subspecies in the flora, there are two others. Subspecies guianensis (Klotzsch) G. L. Webster, found in the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America, is similar to subsp. caroliniensis but distinguished by longer stipules (1.5–2 mm versus 0.8–12 mm) and staminate nectary glands that are longer than wide (versus as wide or wider than long). Subspecies stenopterus (Müller Arg.) G. L. Webster, of southern Central America and northern South America, is recognizable by its narrowly winged stems. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Phyllanthus fraternus, native to Pakistan and northwest India, apparently was introduced into the United States in the 1950s, first in Louisiana, and has spread mainly along the Gulf Coast. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 339. | FNA vol. 12, p. 342. | ||||
Parent taxa | Phyllanthaceae > Phyllanthus | Phyllanthaceae > Phyllanthus | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | P. niruri var. scabrellus | |||||
Name authority | Walter: Fl. Carol., 228. (1788) | G. L. Webster: Contr. Gray Herb. 176: 53. (1955) | ||||
Web links |