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Carolina leaf-flower

gulf leaf-flower

Habit Herbs, annual or perennial, without caudex or rhizomes, monoecious, 1–4.5 dm; branching not phyllanthoid. Herbs, annual, monoecious, 1–4 dm; branching phyllanthoid.
Stems

terete, not winged [narrowly winged], glabrous or scabridulous.

main stems angled, not winged, glabrous; ultimate branchlets subterete, narrowly winged, ± scabridulous.

Leaves

distichous; all well developed;

stipules auriculate, pale brown or reddish brown;

blade elliptic or oblong to obovate, 5–20(–30) × 2–10(–15) mm, base acute, apex obtuse to rounded and apiculate, both surfaces glabrous or scabridulous.

on main stems spiral, scalelike;

stipules not auriculate, pale green to nearly white.;

leaves on ultimate branchlets distichous, well developed;

stipules not auriculate, pale green to nearly white;

blade elliptic-oblong, 6–11 × 3–5 mm, base cuneate to obtuse, apex rounded, both surfaces glabrous.

Inflorescences

cymules, bisexual, with 1–3(–5) pistillate flowers and 1–2 staminate flowers.

cymules or flowers solitary, unisexual, proximal with 2–3 staminate flowers, distal with 1 pistillate flower.

Pedicels

staminate 0.5–1 mm, pistillate sharply reflexed in fruit, 0.5–1(–1.5) mm.

staminate 0.2–0.5 mm, pistillate spreading in fruit, 1.3–2 mm.

Staminate flowers

sepals (5–)6, pale yellowish green, flat, 0.5–0.7 mm;

nectary extrastaminal, 6 glands;

stamens 3, filaments distinct.

sepals 6, white to pale yellow, flat, 0.4–0.7 mm;

nectary extrastaminal, 6 glands;

stamens 3, filaments connate throughout.

Pistillate flowers

sepals (5–)6(–7), green, often suffused with red, with scarious margins, flat, 0.6–1.4 mm, 1-veined;

nectary cupular or annular, lobed or unlobed.

sepals 6, green with broad white margins, flat, (1–)1.2–1.5 mm, 1-veined;

nectary annular, 6–9-lobed.

Capsules

1.6–2 mm diam., smooth.

2.1 mm diam., smooth.

Seeds

uniformly brown, 0.7–1.1 mm, verrucose.

uniformly brown, 0.9–1.1 mm, longitudinally ribbed.

2n

= 36 (subsp. guianensis, West Indies).

Phyllanthus caroliniensis

Phyllanthus fraternus

Phenology Flowering and fruiting year-round.
Habitat Fields, roadsides, gardens, other disturbed areas.
Elevation 0–30 m. (0–100 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in se Asia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL; GA; LA; MS; SC; TX; s Asia (India, Pakistan) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in West Indies, Bermuda, w Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean Islands]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 4 (2 in the flora).

Phyllanthus caroliniensis is the most widespread Phyllanthus in the flora area and in the Americas. In addition to the two subspecies in the flora, there are two others. Subspecies guianensis (Klotzsch) G. L. Webster, found in the West Indies, Central America, and northern South America, is similar to subsp. caroliniensis but distinguished by longer stipules (1.5–2 mm versus 0.8–12 mm) and staminate nectary glands that are longer than wide (versus as wide or wider than long). Subspecies stenopterus (Müller Arg.) G. L. Webster, of southern Central America and northern South America, is recognizable by its narrowly winged stems.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Phyllanthus fraternus, native to Pakistan and northwest India, apparently was introduced into the United States in the 1950s, first in Louisiana, and has spread mainly along the Gulf Coast.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Pistillate sepals 0.2–0.3 mm wide; leaf blade vein reticulum clearly visible abaxially; stems glabrous; cymules with 1 staminate and (1–)2–3(–5) pistillate flowers; pistillate nectary cupular, unlobed, enclosing ovary 1/3–1/2 length.
subsp. caroliniensis
1. Pistillate sepals (0.2–)0.3–0.5(–0.7) mm wide; leaf blade vein reticulum obscure or invisible abaxially; stems usually sparsely to densely scabridulous; cymules with 1–2 staminate and 1–2 pistillate flowers; pistillate nectary annular, unlobed or 6-lobed, enclosing ovary basally.
subsp. saxicola
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 339. FNA vol. 12, p. 342.
Parent taxa Phyllanthaceae > Phyllanthus Phyllanthaceae > Phyllanthus
Sibling taxa
P. abnormis, P. acidus, P. amarus, P. angustifolius, P. ericoides, P. evanescens, P. fluitans, P. fraternus, P. liebmannianus, P. niruri, P. pentaphyllus, P. polygonoides, P. tenellus, P. urinaria, P. warnockii
P. abnormis, P. acidus, P. amarus, P. angustifolius, P. caroliniensis, P. ericoides, P. evanescens, P. fluitans, P. liebmannianus, P. niruri, P. pentaphyllus, P. polygonoides, P. tenellus, P. urinaria, P. warnockii
Subordinate taxa
P. caroliniensis subsp. caroliniensis, P. caroliniensis subsp. saxicola
Synonyms P. niruri var. scabrellus
Name authority Walter: Fl. Carol., 228. (1788) G. L. Webster: Contr. Gray Herb. 176: 53. (1955)
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