Phoradendron leucarpum |
Phoradendron californicum |
|
---|---|---|
American mistletoe, oak mistletoe |
California mesquite mistletoe, desert mistletoe, mesquite mistletoe |
|
Habit | Subshrubs, erect, 4–10 dm, dioecious. | Subshrubs, pendent, 1–5(–20) dm, dioecious. |
Stems | green, grayish green, or yellowish green, hairy, hairs simple or stellate, white or yellow, becoming glabrate; internodes terete, 8–59 × 1–3 mm. |
grayish green to reddish green (in full sun), densely hairy, hairs silvery white, closely appressed, becoming glabrate; internodes terete, 10–20(–30) × 1–1.7(–2.5) mm. |
Leaves | bright green, yellowish green, or grayish green, well developed, hairy, hairs simple or stellate; petiole 3–8 mm; blade obovate, spatulate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, or nearly orbiculate, 14–48 × 8–30 mm, thin to thick and rigid, base cuneate to obtuse, apex rounded; basal phyllotaxy transverse. |
grayish green, scalelike; blade triangular, 1.5–3 mm, apex acute; basal phyllotaxy transverse or median. |
Flowers | petals 3, 1 mm. |
petals 3(–4), 1–2 mm. |
Berries | white, oblong to globose, 3–6 × 2–5 mm, glabrous. |
white, translucent yellowish, pinkish, orange-red, or maroon, globose, 3–6 × 3–6 mm, glabrous. |
Staminate | inflorescences 10–80 mm, hairy, hairs simple or stellate; peduncle with 1 internodes, 2–4 mm; fertile internodes 2–7, each (15–)29–39(–62)-flowered, triseriate, becoming irregular, flowers 1–10 per column. |
inflorescence 5–25 mm, peduncle with 1(–2) internodes, each 0.5–3 mm; fertile internodes (1–)2–3(–5), each 6–14-flowered, biseriate, flowers 1–3 per column. |
Pistillate | inflorescences 10–80 mm, hairy, hairs simple or stellate; peduncle with 1 internode, 2–4 mm; fertile internodes 2–6, each (4–)6–11(–20)-flowered, triseriate, flowers 1–3 per column. |
inflorescences 5–10 mm, elongating in fruit; peduncle with 1(–2) internodes, each 0.5–3 mm; fertile internodes (1–)2–4(–6), each 2-flowered, flowers 1 per bract. |
2n | = 28. |
|
Phoradendron leucarpum |
Phoradendron californicum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Oct–Mar. | Flowering late fall–winter. |
Habitat | Hardwood forests and woodlands. | Desert scrub or washes with mesquite or acacia. |
Elevation | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; DC; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MD; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas)
|
AZ; CA; NV; UT; Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora)
|
Discussion | J. Kuijt (2003) used the name Phoradendron serotinum, based on the name Viscum serotinum Rafinesque (1820), not P. leucarpum, which is based on the earlier name by the same author, V. leucarpum (1817). A proposal to conserve the later name (D. L. Nickrent et al. 2010b) was not accepted, thus the name P. leucarpum has priority. Phoradendron leucarpum has a convoluted taxonomic history, reflecting not only various species concepts but also complex evolutionary and ecological processes. Among the 234 species of Phoradendron, J. Kuijt (2003) recognized subspecies only in P. leucarpum (as P. serotinum). In addition to the typical subspecies from eastern Texas eastward, they are subsp. augustifolium from Mexico, subsp. macrophyllum from eastern Texas through New Mexico and Arizona to California and Oregon, and subsp. tomentosum, with about the same distribution as subsp. macrophyllum but also extending into Mexico. Kuijt noted that in some geographic areas, such as east-central Texas, the putative subspecies show a continuum of morphological intergradation. A population genetic and morphometric study of this complex was undertaken by A. K. Hawkins (2010). Principal component analyses using the characters that J. Kuijt (2003) considered to be diagnostic of the subspecies, such as leaf size, color, and venation, as well as the type and density of hairs present on young vegetative and reproductive tissues, in addition to host species, did not result in clusters corresponding to the four described subspecies. Moreover, FST analyses of microsatellites showed significant interpopulational differentiation that did not match the subspecies that Kuijt recognized. Because morphological and molecular analyses show that subspecies, at least as defined by Kuijt, cannot be differentiated in Phoradendron leucarpum, no subspecies are accepted here. Phoradendron leucarpum is the only species of the genus found east of Texas. It parasitizes over 60 species of native and introduced trees, especially Acer, Fraxinus, Juglans, Nyssa, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Salix, and Ulmus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Phoradendron californicum, like P. juniperinum, bears only scalelike leaves, but this character has evolved independently in the two species (V. E. T. M. Ashworth 2000). Phoradendron californicum differs by its different hosts (legumes versus conifers) and inflorescences with more than one fertile internode. Molecular data indicate that P. californicum is not part of the acataphyllous Boreales group in the sense of W. Trelease (1916) but allied with cataphyllous tropical species (Ashworth). Varieties and host races have been proposed but these are not recognized in the most recent monograph of the genus (J. Kuijt 2003). In addition to its primary hosts, Prosopis, Senegalia, and Vachellia, Phoradendron californicum has also been recorded from a number of other hosts including Condalia, Dalea, Ebenopsis, Havardia, Larrea, Olneya, Parkinsonia, and sometimes is hyperparasitic on Psittacanthus. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 437. | FNA vol. 12, p. 435. |
Parent taxa | Viscaceae > Phoradendron | Viscaceae > Phoradendron |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Viscum leucarpum, P. coloradense, P. eatonii, P. flavens subsp. macrophyllum, P. flavens var. macrophyllum, P. flavens var. tomentosum, P. flavescens, P. leucarpum subsp. angustifolium, P. leucarpum subsp. macrophyllum, P. leucarpum subsp. tomentosum, P. longispicum, P. macrotomum, P. serotinum, P. serotinum subsp. macrophyllum, P. serotinum var. macrophyllum, P. serotinum var. macrotomum, P. serotinum subsp. tomentosum, P. tomentosum, P. tomentosum subsp. macrophyllum, P. tomentosum var. macrophyllum | P. californicum var. distans, P. californicum var. leucocarpum |
Name authority | (Rafinesque) Reveal & M. C. Johnston: Taxon 38: 107. (1989) | Nuttall: J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, n. s. 1: 185. (1848) |
Web links |
|