Philonotis fontana |
Philonotis gracillima |
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philonotis moss, spring moss |
philonotis moss |
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Habit | Plants small to large, in tufts, mats, or sods, light to dark green or yellowish, sometimes reddish or glaucous, reddish brown proximally. | Plants small, delicate, in lax to dense tufts, bright green. | ||||||||
Stems | 1–16(–20) cm, erect, simple, irregularly branched, or with a subfloral whorl of innovations, tomentose proximally. |
0.5–1 cm, erect, simple to sparingly branched; proximal rhizoids absent or weakly developed. |
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Leaves | with distalmost rarely spiraled around stem, stiffly erect to erect or erect-spreading, less commonly catenulate, erect to erect-spreading when dry, erect to spreading or occasionally secund when moist, lanceolate to broadly ovate-lanceolate or ovate-subulate, 0.6–3 mm; margins revolute, serrulate throughout, teeth paired, appearing 2-fid due to their apposing position from contiguous cells, sometimes margins plane, teeth unpaired; apex gradually to abruptly acute to acuminate, sometimes obtuse; costa short- to long-excurrent (often subpercurrent in obtuse leaves), 320 µm wide at base, distal abaxial surface smooth or weakly prorulose; laminal cells prorulose at proximal ends on abaxial side and at proximal and distal ends on adaxial side; basal cells rectangular to oblong-hexagonal, 15–30 × 5–8 µm; juxtacostal cells at widest part of leaf 24–40 µm; distal cells linear to oblong-linear, 15–40 × 3–5 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction absent. |
erect to incurved when dry, erect-spreading to spreading when moist, ovate-oblong to ligulate or ovate-lanceolate to ovate, 0.3–1 mm; margins revolute throughout or revolute proximally and plane distally, bluntly serrulate, teeth paired; apex broadly acute to rounded-obtuse; costa 7/8 leaf length or subpercurrent, distal abaxial surface rough; laminal cells obscurely to clearly prorulose at distal ends; basal cells rectangular, 25–35 × 10–15 µm; distal cells subquadrate to oblong rhomboidal, 20–30 × 10–12 µm. Specialized asexual reproduction by occasional short brood branches in distal leaf axils. |
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Seta | 2–5(–7) cm, straight. |
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Sexual condition | dioicous; perigonia discoid. |
dioicous; perigonia gemmate. |
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Capsule | 1–3.5 mm. |
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Spores | ovoid to reniform, 18–30 µm. |
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Sporophytes | unknown. |
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Philonotis fontana |
Philonotis gracillima |
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Habitat | Moist, rocky, limey soil, rock crevices | |||||||||
Elevation | low to moderate elevations (0-1500 m) (low to moderate elevations (0-4900 ft)) | |||||||||
Distribution | North America; Mexico; Europe; Asia; Africa; Atlantic Islands (Iceland)
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AL; FL; KS; LA; MS; NC; OK; TX; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies |
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Discussion | Varieties ca. 40 (3 in the flora). Philonotis fontana has a Holarctic distribution with limited penetration into the montane tropics of both Eastern and Western Hemispheres. The leaves are plane, 2- or pluriplicate, sometimes falcate or falcate-secund. Even given its membership in seepage communities, where morphological plasticity is not uncommon, the extent of variation in this species is excessive. Many variants have been recognized but with little firm evidence to support the majority of them. E. Nyholm (1954–1969) was convinced that only through a series of cultivation, cytological and genetic studies could the immense variability within this polymorphic complex be properly evaluated. W. M. Zales (1973) was able to show by a comparison of cultured and field-derived plants which of the morphological characters were relatively stable and which were subject to environmental influence. His treatment of this complex, with minor deviation, is followed here. The core characters for the species complex are laminal cells prorulose at proximal ends on the abaxial side, juxtacostal cells near the leaf base 24–40 µm, teeth of the leaf margin typically paired and appearing 2-fid, and costa 320 µm wide at the leaf base. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
P. A. Florschütz (1964) treated Philonotis gracillima as a variety of P. uncinata. Philonotis gracillima is distinguished in the flora area by the combination of a broad leaf apex (both broadly acute and rounded-obtuse apices may occur on the same plant), relatively short costa, and lax, pellucid laminal cells. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 28, p. 111. | FNA vol. 28, p. 108. | ||||||||
Parent taxa | Bartramiaceae > Philonotis | Bartramiaceae > Philonotis | ||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||
Synonyms | Mnium fontanum | |||||||||
Name authority | (Hedwig) Bridel: Bryol. Univ. 2: 18. (1827) | Ångström: Philonotis gracillima Ångström, Öfvers. Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Förh. 33(4): 17. (1876) | ||||||||
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