Persicaria punctata |
Persicaria hirsuta |
|
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dotted knotweed, dotted smartweed, renouée ponctuée, water smartweed |
hairy smartweed |
|
Habit | Plants annual or perennial, 1.5–12 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes often present. | Plants perennial, 3–9 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes present. |
Stems | ascending to erect, branched, without noticeable ribs, glabrous, glandular-punctate. |
decumbent to ascending or erect, branched, without noticeable ribs, brownish-hirsute on internodes. |
Leaves | ocrea brown, cylindric, (4–)9–18 mm, chartaceous, base inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 2–11 mm, surface glabrous or strigose, glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–1 cm, glandular-punctate, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate or subrhombic, 4–10(–15) × 0.6–2.4 cm, base tapered or cuneate, margins antrorsely strigose, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or scabrous along midveins, glandular-punctate. |
ocrea brown to reddish brown, cylindric, 6–12 mm, chartaceous, base sometimes inflated, margins truncate, eciliate or ciliate with bristles 4–7.5 mm, surface hirsute, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1(–0.3) cm, hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, ovate to lanceolate, (2–)4–8 × (0.5–)1–2.5 cm, base rounded to cordate, margins strigose to hirsute, apex acute to acuminate, faces sparingly hirsute abaxially and adaxially, midvein usually hirsute abaxially. |
Inflorescences | mostly terminal, sometimes also axillary, erect, interrupted, 50–200 × 4–8 mm; peduncle 30–60 mm, glabrous, glandular-punctate; ocreolae mostly not overlapping, margins mostly ciliate with bristles to 2 mm. |
mostly terminal, erect, interrupted proximally, usually uninterrupted distally, 20–80 × 4–8 mm; peduncle 30–60 mm, hirsute or, sometimes, nearly glabrous distally; ocreolae overlapping distally, usually not overlapping proximally, margins ciliate with bristles 0.4–1.5(–2) mm. |
Pedicels | ascending, 1–4 mm. |
ascending, 1–2 mm. |
Flowers | 2–6 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, white distally, rarely tinged pink, glandular-punctate with punctae ± uniformly distributed, scarcely accrescent; tepals 5, connate ca. 1/3 their length, obovate, 3–3.5 mm, veins prominent or not, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 6–8, included; anthers pink or red, elliptic to ovate; styles 2–3, connate proximally. |
1–3 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth white to pink, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, nonaccrescent; tepals 5, connate in proximally 1/3, obovate, 1.5–2 mm, veins not prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 5, included; anthers red, elliptic to ovate; styles 3, connate proximally. |
Achenes | included or apex exserted, brownish black, usually 3-gonous, rarely biconvex, (1.8–)2.2–3.2 × 1.5–2.2 mm, shiny, smooth. |
included or apex exserted, dark brown to brownish black, 3-gonous, 2–2.5 × 1.3–1.8 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 44. |
= 20. |
Persicaria punctata |
Persicaria hirsuta |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Nov. | Flowering Jun–Oct. |
Habitat | Shallow water, shores, marshes, floodplain forests | Sandy soils, open areas in savannahs, pond margins, ditches, often in shallow water |
Elevation | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) | 0-100 m (0-300 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; HI; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; Mexico; West Indies (Puerto Rico); Central America (Guatemala); South America (Brazil)
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AL; FL; GA; MS; NC; SC |
Discussion | N. C. Fassett (1949) proposed a complicated classification for Persicaria punctata with 12 varieties in North America and South America. He also identified numerous specimens that he considered to be morphologically intermediate between various varieties. M. Dalci (1972) documented a wide range of phenotypic and genotypic variation throughout the range of P. punctata and extensive overlap in many of the features used by Fassett to distinguish varieties. Consequently, recognition of varieties does not seem warranted. Persicaria punctata and its close relatives P. robustior and P. glabra are unique among native North American smartweeds in possessing complex glands called valvate chambers in their epidermises. Persicaria punctata is confused most frequently with P. hydropiper; the achenes are diagnostic. The Chippewa, Houma, and Iroquois prepared decoctions from leaves, flowers, and roots for use as analgesics as well as gastrointestinal, orthopedic, and psychological aids (D. E. Moerman 1998). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
C. B. McDonald (1980) showed that Persicaria hirsuta is closely related to P. setacea and P. hydropiperoides. Hybrids between P. hirsuta and P. setacea have been produced experimentally but appear to be rare in the wild. Although geographically sympatric, the two species generally occupy different habitats. Experimental crosses between P. hirsuta and P. hydropiperoides were unsuccessful (McDonald). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 586. | FNA vol. 5, p. 587. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum punctatum, Polygonum acre var. leptostachyum, Polygonum punctatum var. confertiflorum, Polygonum punctatum var. ellipticum, Polygonum punctatum var. leptostachyum, Polygonum punctatum var. parviflorum, Polygonum punctatum var. parvum | Polygonum hirsutum |
Name authority | (Elliott) Small: Fl. S.E. U.S., 379. (1903) | (Walter) Small: Fl. S.E. U.S., 379. (1903) |
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