Persicaria hydropiper |
Persicaria robustior |
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common smartweed, marsh-pepper smartweed, marshpepper knotweed, mild water-pepper, renouée poivre-d'eau, smartweed, water-pepper, water-pepper smartweed |
r enouée robuste, stout dotted smartweed, stout smartweed |
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Habit | Plants annual, 2–8(–10) dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes and stolons absent. | Plants perennial, 3–20 dm; roots also sometimes arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes present, stolons sometimes present. |
Stems | decumbent to ascending or erect, branched, without noticeable ribs, glabrous, glandular-punctate. |
ascending, usually branched proximally, scarcely ribbed, glabrous, glandular-punctate; branches sometimes creeping and rooting at nodes. |
Leaves | ocrea brown, cylindric or funnelform, (8–)10–15 mm, chartaceous, base inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 1–4 mm, surface glabrous or strigose, usually glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–0.8 cm, glandular-punctate, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to narrowly rhombic, (1.5–)4–10(–15) × 0.4–2.5 cm, base tapered or cuneate, margins antrorsely strigose, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or scabrous along midveins, glandular-punctate, sometimes obscurely so adaxially. |
ocrea light brown, cylindric, 10–15 mm, chartaceous, base inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 3–12 mm, surface strigose, glandular-punctate; petiole 0.2–2 cm, glandular-punctate; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, 4–20 × 2–4.5 cm, base tapered, margins antrorsely strigose, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or main veins scabrous, glandular-punctate. |
Inflorescences | terminal and axillary, erect or nodding, interrupted or uninterrupted distally, 30–180 × 5–9 mm; peduncle (0–)10–50 mm, sometimes absent on axillary inflorescences and flowers thus enclosed in ocreae, glabrous, glandular-punctate; ocreolae not overlapping or overlapping distally, margins eciliate or ciliate with bristles to 1 mm. |
terminal and axillary, erect, uninterrupted, 20–80 × 5–10 mm; peduncle 5–40 mm, glandular-punctate; ocreolae usually overlapping, margins eciliate or proximal ones sometimes ciliate with bristles to 1 mm. |
Pedicels | ascending, 1–3 mm. |
ascending to spreading, 2–5 mm. |
Flowers | 1–3(–5) per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, white or pink distally, glandular-punctate with punctae ± uniformly distributed, scarcely accrescent; tepals 4–5, connate ca. 1/3 their length, petaloid, obovate, 2–3.5 mm, veins prominent or not, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 6–8, included; anthers pink or red, elliptic to ovate; styles 2–3, connate proximally. |
2–4 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, white distally, glandular-punctate with punctae ± uniformly distributed, slightly accrescent; tepals 5, connate ca.1/3 their length, obovate, 3.2–4.2 mm, veins prominent or not, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 6–8, included; anthers pink or red, elliptic; styles 3, connate proximally. |
Achenes | included or apex exserted, brownish black, biconvex or 3-gonous, 1.9–3 × 1.5–2 mm, dull, minutely roughened. |
included or apex exserted, dark brown to brownish black, 3-gonous, 2.7–3.6 × 2–2.5 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 20. |
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Persicaria hydropiper |
Persicaria robustior |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Nov. | Flowering Jul–Oct. |
Habitat | Shorelines of lake and ponds, banks of streams and rivers, fens, forested wetlands, pastures, occasionally waste ground | Peaty shores, often in water on coastal plain or near coast |
Elevation | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) | 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft) |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; Europe; nw Africa; Pacific Islands (Hawaii, New Zealand); Australia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Asia]
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CT; DE; FL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; TX; VA; NS; ON; QC; Central America; South America; West Indies
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Discussion | All parts of Persicaria hydropiper have an acrid, pepperlike taste. The plants have a long history of medicinal use in Europe, and the oily exudate produced in multicellular glands can cause skin irritation, hence the common name smartweed (R. S. Mitchell and J. K. Dean 1978). Some Native American tribes used P. hydropiper as a drug to treat a variety of ailments, and the Cherokee and Iroquois consumed it as food (D. E. Moerman 1998). Herbarium specimens of Persicaria hydropiper often are misidentified as P. punctata. In addition to its minutely roughened and dull achenes, P. hydropiper differs from P. punctata frequently in bearing flowers enclosed in the ocreae, the inflorescences thus appearing somewhat leafy. By contrast, inflorescences of P. punctata generally appear terminal and leafless. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Persicaria robustior often is synonymized with P. punctata. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 590. | FNA vol. 5, p. 584. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum hydropiper, Polygonum hydropiper var. projectum | Polygonum punctatum var. robustius, P. punctata var. robustior, Polygonum punctatum var. majus, Polygonum robustius |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Spach: Hist. Nat. Vég. 10: 536. (1841) | (Small) E. P. Bicknell: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36: 455. (1909) |
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