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Himalayan smartweed, Japanese knotweed, pink bubble persicaria, pink-head knotweed, pink-head persicaria, pinkhead smartweed

jumpseed, renouée de virginie

Habit Plants annual or perennial, 0.5–5 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes. Plants perennial, 4.5–6(–13) dm; rhizomatous.
Stems

prostrate, glabrous or glandular-pubescent.

ribbed, glabrous or strigose.

Leaves

ocrea brown or reddish brown, cylindric to funnelform, 5–12 mm, chartaceous, base inflated or not, margins oblique, eciliate or ciliate with bristles to 1.5 mm, surface lanate, sometimes also glandular-pubescent;

petiole 2–5 mm, winged distally;

blade ovate to elliptic, 1.5–4(–6) × 0.6–2.5(–3.3) cm, base cuneate or tapering, margins ciliate with reddish, multicellular hairs, apex acute, faces glandular-pubescent abaxially and adaxially, not glandular-punctate.

ocrea brownish hyaline, cylindric, 10–20 mm, base inflated or not, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 0.5–4 mm, surface strigose to tomentose;

petiole (0.1–)1–2 cm, leaves sometimes sessile;

blade 5–17.5 × 2–10 cm, apex acute to acuminate, faces pubescent abaxially, strigose and scabrous adaxially.

Inflorescences

terminal, 5–20 × 7-18 mm;

peduncle 10–40 mm, glabrous or stipitate-glandular in distal 1/5;

ocreolae overlapping, margins eciliate.

(50–)100–350 × 7–15 mm;

peduncle 10–70 mm, pubescent or glabrous distally;

ocreolae not overlapping, margins ciliate with bristles to 3 mm.

Pedicels

spreading, 0.5–1 mm.

ascending to spreading, 0.5–1 mm.

Flowers

1–5 per ocreate fascicle;

perianth greenish white proximally, pinkish distally, urceolate, glabrous, nonaccrescent;

tepals 5, elliptic, 2–3 mm, apex acute to obtuse;

stamens 8, filaments distinct, free;

anthers pink to red, elliptic;

styles 3, connate to middle or distally.

1–3 per ocreate fascicle;

perianth white, greenish white, or rarely pink, glabrous, accrescent;

tepals elliptic to obovate, 2.5–3.5 mm, apex acute to acuminate;

filaments distinct, outer ones sometimes adnate to perianth tube;

anthers yellow or pink, ovate;

styles distinct.

Achenes

included, reddish brown to brownish black, 3-gonous, 1.5–2.2 × 1–1.5 mm, shiny, smooth or minutely punctate.

included except for apex and styles, brown to dark brown, biconvex, 3.5–4 × 2–2.8 mm, dull to shiny, smooth to rugose.

2n

= 44.

Persicaria capitata

Persicaria virginiana

Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep. Flowering Jul–Oct.
Habitat Disturbed, urban places Rich deciduous forests, floodplain forests, dry woodlands, thickets
Elevation 0-500 m (0-1600 ft) 0-500 m (0-1600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; LA; OR; Asia (Bhutan, w China, n India, Nepal) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in the Pacific Islands (Hawaii)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; ON; QC; c Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Persicaria capitata is planted as a garden groundcover. It escapes infrequently in the flora area; once established outside of cultivation it can be difficult to eradicate.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Tension in the articulation of the pedicels is sufficient to throw mature achenes 3–4 m when the inflorescence is bumped, and the persistent, hooked styles aid in the dispersal of achenes in the fur of animals (H. S. Reed and I. Smoot 1906). A hot infusion of leaves with bark of honey-locust (Gleditsia triacanthos Linnaeus) was used by the Cherokee to treat whooping cough (D. E. Moerman 1998).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 5, p. 579. FNA vol. 5, p. 575.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Cephalophilon Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Tovara
Sibling taxa
P. amphibia, P. arifolia, P. bicornis, P. bungeana, P. careyi, P. chinensis, P. glabra, P. hirsuta, P. hydropiper, P. hydropiperoides, P. lapathifolia, P. longiseta, P. maculosa, P. meisneriana, P. minor, P. nepalensis, P. orientalis, P. pensylvanica, P. perfoliata, P. punctata, P. robustior, P. sagittata, P. setacea, P. virginiana, P. wallichii
P. amphibia, P. arifolia, P. bicornis, P. bungeana, P. capitata, P. careyi, P. chinensis, P. glabra, P. hirsuta, P. hydropiper, P. hydropiperoides, P. lapathifolia, P. longiseta, P. maculosa, P. meisneriana, P. minor, P. nepalensis, P. orientalis, P. pensylvanica, P. perfoliata, P. punctata, P. robustior, P. sagittata, P. setacea, P. wallichii
Synonyms Polygonum capitatum Polygonum virginianum, Antenoron virginianum, Tovara virginiana
Name authority (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 277. (1913) (Linnaeus) Gaertner: Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 180. (1790)
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