Persicaria capitata |
Persicaria setacea |
|
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Himalayan smartweed, Japanese knotweed, pink bubble persicaria, pink-head knotweed, pink-head persicaria, pinkhead smartweed |
bog smartweed, bristly smartweed |
|
Habit | Plants annual or perennial, 0.5–5 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes. | Plants perennial, 5–15 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes present, stolons sometimes produced on plants in water. |
Stems | prostrate, glabrous or glandular-pubescent. |
ascending or erect, branched distally, slightly ribbed, glabrous or loosely appressed- to spreading-hirsute near nodes. |
Leaves | ocrea brown or reddish brown, cylindric to funnelform, 5–12 mm, chartaceous, base inflated or not, margins oblique, eciliate or ciliate with bristles to 1.5 mm, surface lanate, sometimes also glandular-pubescent; petiole 2–5 mm, winged distally; blade ovate to elliptic, 1.5–4(–6) × 0.6–2.5(–3.3) cm, base cuneate or tapering, margins ciliate with reddish, multicellular hairs, apex acute, faces glandular-pubescent abaxially and adaxially, not glandular-punctate. |
ocrea brown, cylindric, 10–20 mm, chartaceous, base usually inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with bristles 6–12 mm, surface strigose and with loosely ascending to spreading hairs at least proximally, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–0.5 cm, spreading-hirsute, leaves sometimes sessile; blade without dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate, (3–)6–15(–18) × (1.5–)2–3.2(–4.8) cm, base tapered to truncate, margins appressed-ciliate, apex acute to acuminate, faces sparsely hirsute to loosely appressed hirsute abaxially and adaxially. |
Inflorescences | terminal, 5–20 × 7-18 mm; peduncle 10–40 mm, glabrous or stipitate-glandular in distal 1/5; ocreolae overlapping, margins eciliate. |
mostly terminal, erect, uninterrupted, 20–80 × 4–8 mm; peduncle 10–70 mm, strigose; ocreolae overlapping, margins ciliate with bristles (0.6–)1–3(–5) mm. |
Pedicels | spreading, 0.5–1 mm. |
ascending, 1–3 mm. |
Flowers | 1–5 per ocreate fascicle; perianth greenish white proximally, pinkish distally, urceolate, glabrous, nonaccrescent; tepals 5, elliptic, 2–3 mm, apex acute to obtuse; stamens 8, filaments distinct, free; anthers pink to red, elliptic; styles 3, connate to middle or distally. |
(1–)2–4(–5) per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish proximally, creamy or tan distally, occasionally tinged pink, glabrous, not glandular-punctate, nonaccrescent; tepals 5, connate ca. 1/3 their length, obovate, 2–3 mm, veins not prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 5, included; anthers pink or red, elliptic; styles 3, connate proximally. |
Achenes | included, reddish brown to brownish black, 3-gonous, 1.5–2.2 × 1–1.5 mm, shiny, smooth or minutely punctate. |
included or apex exserted, brown to black, 3-gonous, (1.5–)2–2.5 × 1.2–1.7 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 20. |
|
Persicaria capitata |
Persicaria setacea |
|
Phenology | Flowering Jun–Sep. | Flowering Jul–Oct. |
Habitat | Disturbed, urban places | Alluvial woods, swamp forests |
Elevation | 0-500 m (0-1600 ft) | 0-300 m (0-1000 ft) |
Distribution |
CA; LA; OR; Asia (Bhutan, w China, n India, Nepal) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in the Pacific Islands (Hawaii)]
|
AL; AR; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; WA
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Discussion | Persicaria capitata is planted as a garden groundcover. It escapes infrequently in the flora area; once established outside of cultivation it can be difficult to eradicate. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
C. B. McDonald (1980) showed that Persicaria setacea is closely related to P. hirsuta and P. hydropiperoides. Hybrids between P. setacea and P. hirsuta have been produced experimentally but appear to be rare in the wild. Persicaria setacea and P. hydropiperoides occasionally occur in mixed populations but do not hybridize (McDonald). Persicaria setacea sometimes intergrades morphologically with P. hydropiperoides, especially in New England. Specimens of P. setacea without the characteristic ascending or spreading hairs on the ocreae usually can be distinguished from P. hydropiperoides by the extent of adnation of the hairs to the ocreae—up to one-third their lengths in P. setacea, but one-third to two-thirds their lengths in P. hydropiperoides. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 579. | FNA vol. 5, p. 588. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Cephalophilon | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum capitatum | Polygonum setaceum, Polygonum hydropiperoides var. setaceum, Polygonum setaceum var. interjectum, Polygonum setaceum var. tonsum |
Name authority | (Buchanan-Hamilton ex D. Don) H. Gross: Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 49: 277. (1913) | (Baldwin) Small: Fl. S.E. U.S., 379. (1903) |
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