Persicaria arifolia |
Persicaria maculosa |
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halberd-leaf smartweed, halberd-leaf tearthumb, renouée à feuilles d'arum |
heartweed, lady's-thumb, lady's-thumb smartweed, redshank, renouée persicaire, spotted lady's-thumb |
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Habit | Plants annual, 2–15 dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes. | Plants annual, (0.5–)1–7(–13) dm; roots also often arising from proximal nodes; rhizomes and stolons absent. |
Stems | scandent, ribbed, glabrous; prickles 0.5–1 mm. |
procumbent, decumbent, ascending, or erect, simple or branched, without obvious ribs, glabrous or appressed-pubescent. |
Leaves | ocrea tan or brownish, cylindric, 8–15 mm, chartaceous, base inflated or not, with prickles, margins oblique, ciliate with bristles 0.5–2.5 mm, surface glabrous or appressed- to spreading-pubescent; petiole 1–7 cm; blade broadly hastate to hastate-cordate or triangular, (2–)6.5–13(–18) × (1–)6–11(–16) cm, base truncate to truncate-cordate, margins broadly hastate with lobes divergent, ciliate, sometimes also retrorsely prickly, apex acuminate, faces appressed-pubescent or, rarely, glabrous adaxially, stellate-pubescent or, rarely, glabrous abaxially, major veins often bearing prickles. |
ocrea light brown, cylindric, 4–10(–15) mm, chartaceous, base inflated, margins truncate, ciliate with hairs 1–3.5(–5) mm, surface glabrous or strigose, rarely with spreading hairs, not glandular-punctate; petiole 0.1–0.8 cm, glabrous or strigose, leaves sometimes sessile; blade often with dark triangular or lunate blotch adaxially, lanceolate to narrowly ovate, (1–)5–10(–18) × (0.2–)1–2.5(–4) cm, base tapered or cuneate, margins antrorsely strigose, apex acute to acuminate, faces glabrous or strigose, especially along midveins, sometimes glandular-punctate abaxially. |
Inflorescences | capitate or paniclelike, uninterrupted, 5–12 × 3–8 mm; peduncle 10–80 mm, retrorsely prickly proximally, stellate-pubescent and stipitate-glandular distally, glands red or pink; ocreolae usually overlapping, sometimes not overlapping proximally, margins eciliate or ciliate with bristles to 0.5 mm. |
terminal and axillary, erect, usually uninterrupted, 10–45(–60) × 7–12 mm; peduncle 10–50 mm, glabrous or, rarely, pubescent; ocreolae overlapping or sometimes interrupted proximally, margins ciliate with bristles 0.2–1.3(–2) mm. |
Pedicels | mostly ascending, 2–3 mm. |
ascending, 1–2.5 mm. |
Flowers | 2–4 per ocreate fascicle; perianth pink or red, often whitish green proximally, glabrous, accrescent, not becoming blue and fleshy in fruit; tepals 4, connate 1/3–1/2 their length, broadly elliptic, 5–6 mm, apex acute to obtuse; stamens (6–)8, filaments distinct, free; anthers pink, elliptic; styles 2, distinct. |
4–14 per ocreate fascicle, homostylous; perianth greenish white proximally and roseate distally or entirely roseate, not glandular-punctate, scarcely accrescent; tepals 4–5, connate ca. 1/3 their length, obovate, 2–3.5 mm, veins prominent, not anchor-shaped, margins entire, apex obtuse to rounded; stamens 4–8, included; anthers yellow or pink, ovate; styles 2–3, connate proximally. |
Achenes | included, dark brown to black, biconvex, 3.5–6 × 3–4 mm, shiny, smooth. |
included or apex exserted, brownish black to black, discoid or biconvex to 3-gonous, (1.9–)2–2.7 × (1.5–) 1.8–2.2 mm, shiny, smooth. |
2n | = 44. |
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Persicaria arifolia |
Persicaria maculosa |
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Phenology | Flowering Jul–Oct. | Flowering Mar–Nov. |
Habitat | Shaded swamps, ponds, tidal marshes along rivers, wet ravines in forests | Weedy, moist semiwaste to cultivated areas |
Elevation | 0-600 m (0-2000 ft) | 0-2500 m (0-8200 ft) |
Distribution |
CT; DC; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; SPM; Africa; Greenland; Eurasia; Pacific Islands (New Zealand) [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | An allozyme study by L. L. Consaul et al. (1991) provided evidence of the allotetraploid origin of Persicaria maculosa, with P. lapathifolium as one of the parents. Plants with stems spreading-hairy and peduncles stipitate-glandular have been named P. maculosa subsp. hirsuticaulis (Danser) S. Ekman & Knutsson. Material referable to this subspecies has not been seen among North American specimens. Hybrids between P. maculosa and P. minor have been documented in Europe (R. H. Roberts 1977). The Cherokee, Chippewa, and Iroquois prepared simple or compound decoctions of Persicaria maculosa, which they used as dermatological, urinary, gastrointestinal, and veterinary aids, for heart medicine, and as an analgesic (D. E. Moerman 1998). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 5, p. 577. | FNA vol. 5, p. 593. |
Parent taxa | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Echinocaulon | Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Persicaria > sect. Persicaria |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Polygonum arifolium, Polygonum arifolium var. lentiforme, Polygonum arifolium var. pubescens, Polygonum sagittatum var. pubescens, Tracaulon arifolium, Truellum arifolium | Polygonum persicaria, P. fusiformis, P. vulgaris, Polygonum fusiforme, Polygonum persicaria var. ruderale, Polygonum puritanorum |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Haraldson: Acta Univ. Upsal., Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22: 72. (1978) | Gray: Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2: 269. (1822) |
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