Penstemon sect. Coerulei
Penstemon murrayanus
cup-leaf beardtongue, scarlet beardtongue
glabrous, sometimes scabrous, glaucous.
ascending to erect, 50–100(–150) cm, glabrous.
basal and cauline, sometimes basal absent or reduced, opposite, leathery, glabrous, rarely scabrous, glaucous;
basal and proximal cauline petiolate, sometimes short-petiolate (P. immanifestus, P. lentus);
cauline sessile, sometimes short-petiolate, blade obovate, ovate, spatulate, trullate, oblanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, linear, or orbiculate, margins entire.
basal and cauline, glabrous;
basal and proximal cauline 40–100 × (8–)14–30 mm, blade spatulate to ovate, base tapered, apex rounded to obtuse, rarely retuse;
cauline 5–9 pairs, sessile, 12–110 × 16–70 mm, blade oblong to ovate, base clasping to connate-perfoliate, apex obtuse to acute.
continuous or interrupted, cylindric, sometimes secund, axis glabrous, rarely scabrous or glutinous, cymes 2 per node;
peduncles and pedicels ascending to erect.
interrupted, cylindric, 15–50 cm, axis glabrous, verticillasters 6–10(–16), cymes 1–5-flowered;
proximal bracts ovate, 9–45 × 14–40 mm;
peduncles and pedicels glabrous.
calyx lobes: margins entire or erose, herbaceous or ± scarious, glabrous, rarely scabrous, glandular, glandular-pubescent, or glutinous;
corolla lavender to blue, violet, purple, or pink, rarely white or red, bilaterally symmetric, rarely nearly radially symmetric (P. cyathophorus), weakly, rarely strongly, bilabiate, not personate, tubular-funnelform, funnelform, or weakly ventricose, rarely tubular-salverform or weakly ampliate, glabrous externally, rarely obscurely glandular, glabrous or hairy internally abaxially, throat slightly to abruptly inflated, not constricted at orifice, rounded abaxially, rarely slightly 2-ridged;
stamens included to exserted, filaments glabrous, pollen sacs opposite, rarely divergent or parallel, navicular, rarely explanate (P. murrayanus), dehiscing completely, connective splitting, sides glabrous, sutures papillate, sometimes smooth;
staminode included to exserted, flattened distally, (0.2–)0.4–3 mm diam., tip recurved, rarely coiled or straight, distal 10–50(–70)% hairy, hairs to 2.5 mm, rarely glabrous;
style glabrous.
calyx lobes lanceolate, 4.5–7 × 1.8–2.9 mm, margins entire, narrowly scarious, glabrous;
corolla red, without nectar guides, tubular-funnelform, 32–36 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous internally, tube 8–11 mm, throat abruptly inflated, 9–12 mm diam., rounded abaxially;
stamens exserted, pollen sacs opposite, explanate, 1.3–1.7 mm, sutures smooth;
staminode 18–20 mm, exserted, 0.2–0.3 mm diam., tip straight to recurved, glabrous;
style 24–31 mm.
glabrous.
9–13 × 6–10 mm.
brown or dark brown, angled, angled-elongate, or disciform, 1.8–5.4 mm.
Penstemon sect. Coerulei
Penstemon murrayanus
Species 20 (20 in the flora).
D. D. Keck (1951) proposed the section name Anularius for sect. Coerulei, believing that the name of Pennell was invalid. N. H. Holmgren (1979b) concluded that the section names of Pennell are valid and that sect. Anularius Keck is invalid; the new combinations by Keck in that publication lacked descriptions.
Members of sect. Coerulei usually are recognized by their mostly glabrous, glaucous, and fleshy herbage, their blue or pink corollas that are glabrous, rarely obscurely glandular, externally, and their relatively broad and heavily bearded staminodes. Penstemon murrayanus has red corollas and glabrous staminodes. Members of sect. Coerulei mostly occur on well-drained, sandy soils. Molecular data (C. A. Wessinger et al. 2016) support the monophyly of the section.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
F. S. Crosswhite and C. D. Crosswhite (1981) hypothesized that Penstemon murrayanus was derived from P. grandiflorus, with which it shares many morphologic features. The two species have been crossed artificially, yielding hybrids that once were commercially popular (G. Viehmeyer 1958; R. Nold 1999). Molecular data support the sister relationship of P. murrayanus and P. grandiflorus (C. A. Wessinger et al. 2016).
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Corollas red; staminodes glabrous; pollen sacs explanate. | P. murrayanus |
1. Corollas lavender to blue, violet, purple, or pink, rarely white; staminodes hairy; pollen sacs navicular. | → 2 |
2. Pollen sacs parallel or divergent; stamens: 2 or 4 prominently exserted; corollas without nectar guides. | → 3 |
3. Stamens: 4 exserted; pollen sacs 1.2–1.5 mm; corollas 11–14 mm. | P. cyathophorus |
3. Stamens: 2 exserted; pollen sacs 2–3 mm; corollas 17–24 mm. | P. harringtonii |
2. Pollen sacs opposite or divergent; stamens included or longer pair reaching orifice to slightly exserted; corollas usually with nectar guides. | → 4 |
4. Corollas 21–48 mm, ampliate, glabrous internally, throats abruptly inflated. | → 5 |
5. Corollas 35–48 mm; cauline leaf blades spatulate to orbiculate. | P. grandiflorus |
5. Corollas 21–28 mm; cauline leaf blades lanceolate to linear. | P. haydenii |
4. Corollas 10–25(–28) mm, tubular-funnelform, tubular-salverform, funnelform, or ventricose, white-villous internally abaxially or glabrous, throats not abruptly inflated. | → 6 |
6. Corollas tubular-salverform; thyrses interrupted. | P. fendleri |
6. Corollas tubular-funnelform, funnelform, or ventricose; thyrses continuous or interrupted. | → 7 |
7. Stems 3–10(–15) cm; cauline leaf pairs 1–3; thyrses 1–6 cm; verticillasters 1–5(or 6). | P. bracteatus |
7. Stems (4–)7–77(–82) cm; cauline leaf pairs 1–8(or 9); thyrses (2–)3–37(–57) cm; verticillasters (2 or)3–20(–35). | → 8 |
8. Thyrses secund. | → 9 |
9. Cauline leaves 2–4 pairs; staminodes 8–9 mm, distal 3–4 mm sparsely to densely villous, hairs yellowish, to 1 mm; Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah. | P. lentus |
9. Cauline leaves 4–6 pairs; staminodes 10–13 mm, distal 4–6 mm densely villous, hairs golden yellow, to 2 mm; Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming. | P. secundiflorus |
8. Thyrses cylindric. | → 10 |
10. Staminodes 2–3 mm diam.; corollas with nectar guides, sparsely to moderately white-villous internally abaxially, rarely glabrous. | P. osterhoutii |
10. Staminodes (0.2–)0.4–2 mm diam.; corollas with or without nectar guides, glabrous or sparsely white-villous internally abaxially. | → 11 |
11. Corollas pink or white. | → 12 |
12. Corollas white. | P. lentus |
12. Corollas pink. | → 13 |
13. Leaves: basal usually reduced or absent; corollas glabrous internally; staminodes: distal 0.5–1.5 mm lanulose, hairs to 0.6 mm. | P. flowersii |
13. Leaves: basal not reduced; corollas sparsely white-hairy internally abaxially or glabrous; staminodes: distal 2–6 mm villous, hairs to 1 mm. | → 14 |
14. Cauline leaf apices acute to acuminate; corollas tubular-funnelform; calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, 4–8 × 1–2.5 mm. | P. angustifolius |
14. Cauline leaf apices obtuse to acute; corollas funnelform to ventricose; calyx lobes ovate, 5–8(–12) × 2–3.5 mm. | P. immanifestus |
11. Corollas blue, pinkish blue, lavender-blue, lavender, violet, or purple, rarely some individuals with corollas pink. | → 15 |
15. Cauline leaf blades ovate to orbiculate; corollas with nectar guides, villous internally abaxially. | P. mucronatus |
15. Cauline leaf blades elliptic to ovate, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, or linear; corollas with or without nectar guides, glabrous or villous internally abaxially. | → 16 |
16. Stems decumbent to ascending, (4–)7–18(–30) cm; thyrses continuous; proximal bracts oblanceolate to lanceolate; corollas (10–)12–15 mm; pollen sacs 0.7–0.8 mm. | P. arenicola |
16. Stems ascending to erect, (5–)9–60(–82) cm; thyrses interrupted or continuous; proximal bracts orbiculate to ovate, lanceolate, oblong, or linear; corollas 10–22 mm; pollen sacs 0.7–1.6 mm. | → 17 |
17. Proximal bracts orbiculate to ovate; corollas lavender to bluish lavender or pinkish blue, glabrous internally; capsules 12–18(–20) mm. | P. buckleyi |
17. Proximal bracts ovate to oblong, lanceolate, or linear, rarely orbiculate; corollas blue, pinkish blue, bluish lavender, violet, or purple, hairy internally abaxially or glabrous; capsules 7–15 mm. | → 18 |
18. Corollas obscurely glandular externally or glabrous; cauline leaves 1–3 pairs; thyrses 3–15 cm, continuous, sometimes interrupted. | P. carnosus |
18. Corollas glabrous externally; cauline leaves 2–8 pairs; thyrses (2–)5–30(–37) cm, continuous or interrupted. | → 19 |
19. Staminodes 1–2 mm diam., distal 6–8 mm villous, hairs to 2.5 mm. | P. pachyphyllus |
19. Staminodes (0.2–)0.5–1.5 mm diam., distal 1.5–7 mm pilose to villous, hairs to 1.5 mm. | → 20 |
20. Cauline leaf blades: apices obtuse to acute, sometimes rounded or mucronate; peduncles to 12–28 mm; corolla throats 5–8 mm diam. | → 21 |
21. Cymes 1–3(or 4)-flowered; cauline leaves sessile; seeds 3.5–5 mm. | P. lentus |
21. Cymes (1 or)2–6-flowered; cauline leaves short-petiolate or sessile; seeds 2–4 mm. | → 22 |
22. Corollas bluish lavender to lavender, 15–22 mm; peduncles to 12 mm; calyx lobes ovate, 5–8(–12) mm, apices acuminate; staminodes: distal 2–5 mm densely villous, hairs yellowish, brownish, or orangish, to 1 mm. | P. immanifestus |
22. Corollas blue to violet, sometimes lavender, 12–20 mm; peduncles to 26 mm; calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, (2.5–)4–7 mm, apices acute to acuminate or caudate; staminodes: distal 4–8 mm densely villous, hairs yellow to golden yellow, to 2.5 mm. | P. pachyphyllus |
20. Cauline leaf blades: apices acute to acuminate, sometimes mucronate (P. nitidus); peduncles to 3–4 mm; corolla throats 4–6 mm diam. | → 23 |
23. Cymes 2–5-flowered, verticillasters (2–)4–10; corolla tubes 4–6 mm; stems glabrous. | P. nitidus |
23. Cymes (2–)4–8(–12)-flowered, verticillasters (3–)5–15(–26); corolla tubes 5–9 mm; stems glabrous or scabrous. | → 24 |
24. Staminodes: distal 1.5–3.5 mm densely pilose, hairs to 0.6 mm; calyx lobes lanceolate, (3.2–)4.5–10 × 1.2–3.2(–3.8) mm; pollen sacs 0.7–1.3(–1.5) mm; Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Washington. | P. acuminatus |
24. Staminodes: distal 4–6 mm sparsely villous, hairs to 1 mm; calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, 4–8 × 1–2.5 mm; pollen sacs (0.9–)1.1–1.5 mm; Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming. | P. angustifolius |
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