Penstemon centranthifolius |
Penstemon sect. Gentianoides |
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scarlet bugler |
gentian beardtongue |
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Habit | Herbs. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | ascending to erect, 30–120 cm, glaucous. |
glabrous, glaucous, sometimes not. |
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Leaves | glabrous, glaucous; cauline 5–11 pairs, short-petiolate or sessile, 40–100 × 10–40 mm, blade ovate to lanceolate, base tapered to auriculate-clasping, margins entire, apex rounded to acute. |
basal and cauline, sometimes basal few (P. subulatus), or essentially cauline (P. centranthifolius), opposite, leathery, rarely not (P. alamosensis, P. parryi), glabrous, rarely scabrous, glaucous, rarely not; basal and proximal cauline petiolate; cauline sessile or short-petiolate, blade ovate, oblanceolate, lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, linear, or linear-subulate, margins entire, rarely toothed. |
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Thyrses | interrupted, secund to ± cylindric, 15–60(–100) cm, axis glabrous or obscurely scabrous, verticillasters 8–18(–22), cymes 1–5(–11)-flowered; proximal bracts ovate to lanceolate, (3–)7–25(–87) × (1–)3–14(–30) mm; peduncles and pedicels erect, glabrous or obscurely scabrous. |
± interrupted, cylindric or ± secund, axis glabrous, rarely scabrous, cymes 2 per node, sometimes 1 per node (P. alamosensis); peduncles and pedicels spreading to ascending or erect. |
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Flowers | calyx lobes ovate to lanceolate, 3–6 × 2–3 mm, margins erose, glabrous; corolla scarlet, without nectar guides, nearly radially symmetric, weakly bilabiate, salverform, 25–33 mm, glabrous externally, glabrous internally, tube 8–10 mm, throat slightly inflated, 4.5–6 mm diam., rounded abaxially; stamens: longer pair reaching orifice, pollen sacs explanate, 0.9–1.2 mm, sutures smooth; staminode 13–14 mm, terete to slightly flattened distally, 0.1–0.3 mm diam., tip straight, glabrous; style 18–27 mm, exserted. |
calyx lobes: entire or erose, ± scarious, glabrous or sparsely glandular or glandular-pubescent; corolla red, scarlet, crimson, magenta, pink, orange, lavender, violet, reddish violet, or purple, bilaterally symmetric or nearly radially symmetric, bilabiate or weakly bilabiate, not personate, salverform, tubular-salverform, or tubular-funnelform, sometimes ventricose, glabrous or glandular-pubescent to glandular externally, glabrous or glandular-pubescent internally abaxially or wholly, throat slightly to gradually inflated, not constricted at orifice, rounded or slightly 2-ridged abaxially; stamens included or longer pair reaching orifice, filaments glabrous, pollen sacs opposite, dehiscing completely, explanate, sometimes navicular, connective splitting, sides glabrous, sutures smooth, sometimes papillate; staminode included, flattened distally or ± terete, 0.1–1(–2.5) mm diam., tip straight or recurved, glabrous or distal 10–40(–70)% papillate or hairy, papillae or hairs to 1.5 mm; style glabrous. |
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Capsules | 8–11 × 6–7 mm. |
glabrous. |
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Seeds | brown to black, angled, 1–4 mm. |
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2n | = 16. |
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Penstemon centranthifolius |
Penstemon sect. Gentianoides |
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Phenology | Flowering Feb–Jul. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Hillsides, chaparral, oak, pinyon-juniper, and Joshua tree woodlands, coastal sage scrub, pine forests. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1800 m. (0–5900 ft.) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
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w United States; n Mexico |
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Discussion | Penstemon ×parishii A. Gray, a naturally occurring hybrid between P. centranthifolius and P. spectabilis (A. D. Wolfe and W. J. Elisens 1993), has been reported from Los Angeles, Riverside, San Bernardino, and San Diego counties, California (D. D. Keck 1937; Paul Wilson and M. Valenzuela 2002). A wild hybrid between P. centranthifolius and P. eatonii also was reported from San Bernardino County, California (Wilson and Valenzuela). Penstemon ×dubius Davidson was described from Mount Lowe in the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles County, California, growing with P. centranthifolius and P. grinnellii. Hybridization between P. centranthifolius and P. grinnellii has been documented using allozyme and DNA data (Wolfe and Elisens 1993, 1994). Three southern and central Californian tribes of Native Americans used Penstemon centranthifolius for drugs, food, and decorations (D. E. Moerman 1998). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species 11 (10 in the flora). Section Gentianoides is not monophyletic. Molecular data (C. A. Wessinger et al. 2016) placed some of the species in a clade that includes sect. Coerulei and other species in a clade that includes sect. Spectabiles; still others may be allied with sect. Glabri (A. D. Wolfe et al. 2006). D. D. Keck (1937) included most of the species of sect. Gentianoides in subsect. Centranthifolii [an unpublished name] of sect. Peltanthera D. D. Keck, including Penstemon cerrosensis Kellogg, known only from Cedros Island off the west coast of Baja California, Mexico. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 151. | FNA vol. 17, p. 150. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Plantaginaceae > Penstemon > subg. Penstemon > sect. Gentianoides | Plantaginaceae > Penstemon > subg. Penstemon | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | Chelone centranthifolia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Bentham) Bentham: Scroph. Ind., 7. (1835) — (as Pentstemon centranthifolium) | G. Don: Gen. Hist. 4: 640. (1837) — (as Pentstemon) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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