Parkinsonia aculeata |
Parkinsonia texana |
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Jerusalem thorn, Mexican palo verde |
Texas paloverde |
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Habit | Trees, to 10 m, with nodal spines. | Trees or shrubs, (2–)3–8 m, with nodal spines. | ||||
Stems | yellowish green, twigs glabrous or sparsely pubescent (at least around nodes). |
dark to olive green, twigs moderately to densely pubescent. |
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Leaves | appearing pinnate; stipules obsolescent or spinescent, spines to 20 mm; petiole obsolete; pinnae 2(or 3); petiolules 0.2–0.3 mm, sparsely pubescent; rachillas (100–)150–600 mm, narrowly winged, with sparse, glandular patches in leaflet axils; leaflets 40–76, alternate, subopposite, or opposite, blades oblanceolate to oblong, 2–8 × 0.9–3 mm, base attenuate, apex obtuse, apiculate, surfaces sparsely pubescent abaxially, glabrate adaxially. |
stipules not spinescent; petiole 1.8–3.5 mm, pubescent; pinnae 2; petiolules 0.2–0.3 mm, densely pubescent; rachillas 1.5–12 mm, not winged, with glandular patches on adaxial side, not surrounding leaflet pulvini; leaflets 2–6(or 8), opposite, blades oblanceolate to obovate, 2–3.5 × 0.8–1.9 mm, base cuneate to attenuate, apex truncate or rounded, apiculate or not, surfaces sparsely pubescent abaxially, sparsely pubescent to glabrate adaxially. |
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Racemes | 2–15-flowered, axis 8–18 cm, strigulose to glabrate; bracts linear or lanceolate, 2 × 0.3 mm; bracteoles caducous or subpersistent. |
2–10-flowered, axis 0.4–3.5 cm, strigulose to glabrate; bracts deltate or lanceolate, 0.3–0.5 × 0.2–0.3 mm; bracteoles persistent or caducous. |
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Pedicels | 5.4–13.8 mm, glabrous or sparsely pubescent, joints 1.5–3.5 mm from flower, not bearded, nearer flower than pedicel base. |
4–11.3 mm, sparsely pubescent or glabrate, joints 2–4.2 mm from flower, bearded, equidistant between flower and pedicel base, distinctly nearer pedicel base, or nearer flower than pedicel base. |
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Flowers | calyx lobes usually deciduous, sparsely pubescent abaxially, pubescent adaxially; corolla 13–20 mm diam., petals light to deep yellow, adaxial one usually orange-dotted basally; ovary sericeous. |
calyx lobes moderately pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; corolla 7.9–16 mm diam., petals light to deep yellow, adaxial one often orange-spotted basally; ovary sericeous or glabrate. |
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Legumes | subterete, constricted between seeds, 2–12 × 0.5–0.8 cm, glabrous. |
compressed, irregularly and indistinctly torulose, 2.9–5.9 × 0.5–0.8 cm, pubescent, at least basally, or glabrate. |
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Seeds | (1 or)2–5. |
1–4. |
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2n | = 28. |
= 28. |
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Parkinsonia aculeata |
Parkinsonia texana |
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Phenology | Flowering Mar–Sep. | |||||
Habitat | Low, poorly drained areas, open woods, roadsides, disturbed places. | |||||
Elevation | 0–1300 m. (0–4300 ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AL; AZ; CA; FL; GA; LA; MS; NM; NV; SC; TX; UT; Mexico; Central America; West Indies [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America, Asia, Africa, Australia]
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ne Mexico; Texas |
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Discussion | The original distribution of Parkinsonia aculeata is unknown, possibly Central America and southern Mexico (R. S. Felger et al. 2001; G. P. Lewis et al. 2005; J. A. Hawkins et al. 2007). Parkinsonia aculeata is now extensively naturalized in the tropics and subtropics. Among native congenerics in the flora area, it shares adaxially pubescent calyx lobes only with P. microphylla and can be easily differentiated by the longer, winged rachillas, and 40–76, alternate or opposite leaflets per pinna versus (6–)12–16 and opposite per pinna in P. microphylla. Hybrids between Parkinsonia aculeata and P. microphylla are known from the flora area. Individuals of P. aculeata × P. microphylla can be distinguished by the combination of rachillas of intermediate length (usually 2–6 times as long as in P. microphylla) and glandular patches completely or nearly completely surrounding the pulvini. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). Essentially restricted to the Tamaulipan thornscrub ecoregion, vars. macra and texana display a parapatric distribution with only a very narrow zone of apparent overlap. The abruptness of the transition between densely sericeous and glabrate ovaries (that is, a conspicuous absence of populations exhibiting sparsely to moderately sericeous ovaries), as well as the sympatric occurrence of ovaries of both types in a narrow zone where varieties meet, suggests a genetic basis to the variation. Significant relationships between environmental gradients and both ovary vesture and leaflet number suggest an environmental influence in shaping the distribution of genetic variation (A. Krings et al., unpubl.). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 11. | FNA vol. 11. | ||||
Parent taxa | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Parkinsonia | Fabaceae > subfam. Caesalpinioideae (excluding Mimosoid clade) > Parkinsonia | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | P. thornberi | Cercidium texanum | ||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 375. (1753) | (A. Gray) S. Watson: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 11: 136. (1876) | ||||
Web links |