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balsam groundsel, Canadian butterweed

threetooth ragwort

Habit Perennials, 20–45+ cm; subrhizomatous (bases weakly branched, ascending to erect). Perennials, 10–30+ cm; taprooted (caudices ascending to erect).
Stems

1 or 2–4, loosely clustered, glabrous or sparsely tomentose proximally.

1 or multiple, clustered, usually glabrous, rarely sparsely floccose-tomentose, leaf axils sometimes tomentose.

Basal leaves

petiolate;

blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 30–60+ × 10–20+ mm, bases tapering, sometimes obtuse, margins subentire to dentate or serrate.

(and proximal cauline, relatively thick and turgid) petiolate;

blades lanceolate or narrowly oblanceolate, 20–40+ × 5–15 mm, bases tapering, margins usually entire, sometimes sub-pinnatisect (apices subentire or dentate).

Cauline leaves

gradually reduced (proximals petiolate, sublyrate; mids sessile, not clasping, lanceolate, dissected, incised, or lacerate; distals sessile, bractlike).

gradually reduced (± petiolate or sessile).

Peduncles

usually bracteate, sometimes ebracteate, glabrous.

bracteate, glabrous or sparsely tomentose.

Ray florets

0, 8, or 13;

corolla laminae (pale yellow) 5–10+ mm.

8–10(–13);

corolla laminae 5–8+ mm.

Disc florets

50–65+;

corolla tubes 2–3 mm, limbs 2–3 mm.

45–60+;

corolla tubes 3–3.5 mm, limbs 4–5 mm.

Phyllaries

13 or 21, green, 5–8+ mm, glabrous.

13 or 21, green, 6–10 mm, sparsely tomentose proximally, glabrous distally.

Calyculi

inconspicuous.

inconspicuous.

Heads

2–10+ in loose or compact, corymbiform arrays.

4–15+ in corymbiform arrays.

Cypselae

1–2 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes hispidulous on ribs;

pappi 3.5–4.5 mm.

1.5–2.5 mm, glabrous or sparsely hirtellous on ribs;

pappi 5–6 mm.

2n

= 44, 46, 92.

= 46.

Packera paupercula

Packera tridenticulata

Phenology Flowering May–late Jun (south), late Jun–early Aug (north). Flowering late May–early Jul.
Habitat Wet meadows, open woodlands, along streams, rocky outcrops Open, dry areas, roadsides, gravelly or sandy slopes, short-grass prairies or sagebrush scrubs
Elevation 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) 1000–2000 m (3300–6600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; CO; DC; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SD; TN; UT; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CO; KS; ND; NE; NM; OK; SD; TX; WY
[WildflowerSearch map]
Discussion

Ecologically and morphologically, Packera paupercula is the most variable species of the genus in North America. Some “phases” have been treated as separate species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and races. Variation within P. paupercula hints at some interesting evolutionary relationships; characteristics used to separate taxa overlap. Much of the morphologic variation in this species may be due to hybridization and introgression. I do not recognize any of the infraspecific taxa that have been proposed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Packera tridenticulata is found throughout the central High Plains, in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and in high valleys to the west of the Rocky Mountain front. It tends to grow in clumps; the multiple stems arise from well-developed taproots. It apparently hybridizes with P. neomexicana var. mutabilis where their ranges overlap.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 20, p. 595. FNA vol. 20, p. 601.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Senecioneae > Packera Asteraceae > tribe Senecioneae > Packera
Sibling taxa
P. anonyma, P. antennariifolia, P. aurea, P. bernardina, P. bolanderi, P. breweri, P. cana, P. cardamine, P. castoreus, P. clevelandii, P. contermina, P. crocata, P. cymbalaria, P. cynthioides, P. debilis, P. dimorphophylla, P. eurycephala, P. fendleri, P. flettii, P. franciscana, P. ganderi, P. glabella, P. greenei, P. hartiana, P. hesperia, P. hyperborealis, P. indecora, P. ionophylla, P. layneae, P. macounii, P. malmstenii, P. millefolium, P. millelobata, P. multilobata, P. musiniensis, P. neomexicana, P. obovata, P. ogotorukensis, P. pauciflora, P. plattensis, P. porteri, P. pseudaurea, P. quercetorum, P. sanguisorboides, P. schweinitziana, P. spellenbergii, P. streptanthifolia, P. subnuda, P. tampicana, P. texensis, P. tomentosa, P. tridenticulata, P. werneriifolia
P. anonyma, P. antennariifolia, P. aurea, P. bernardina, P. bolanderi, P. breweri, P. cana, P. cardamine, P. castoreus, P. clevelandii, P. contermina, P. crocata, P. cymbalaria, P. cynthioides, P. debilis, P. dimorphophylla, P. eurycephala, P. fendleri, P. flettii, P. franciscana, P. ganderi, P. glabella, P. greenei, P. hartiana, P. hesperia, P. hyperborealis, P. indecora, P. ionophylla, P. layneae, P. macounii, P. malmstenii, P. millefolium, P. millelobata, P. multilobata, P. musiniensis, P. neomexicana, P. obovata, P. ogotorukensis, P. pauciflora, P. paupercula, P. plattensis, P. porteri, P. pseudaurea, P. quercetorum, P. sanguisorboides, P. schweinitziana, P. spellenbergii, P. streptanthifolia, P. subnuda, P. tampicana, P. texensis, P. tomentosa, P. werneriifolia
Synonyms Senecio pauperculus, Senecio balsamitae, Senecio balsamitae var. firmifolius, Senecio balsamitae var. thomsoniensis, Senecio crawfordii, Senecio flavovirens, Senecio gaspensis, Senecio multnomensis, Senecio robbinsii var. subtomentosus, Senecio tweedyi Senecio tridenticulatus, Senecio acutidens, Senecio compactus, Senecio densus, Senecio oblanceolatus
Name authority (Michaux) Á. Löve & D. Löve: Bot. Not. 128: 520. (1976) (Rydberg) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve: Phytologia 49: 48. (1981)
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