The green links below add additional plants to the comparison table. Blue links lead to other Web sites.
enable glossary links

balsam groundsel, Canadian butterweed

dwarf arctic groundsel, dwarf arctic ragwort, northern butterweed

Habit Perennials, 20–45+ cm; subrhizomatous (bases weakly branched, ascending to erect). Perennials, 6–25+ cm; rhizomatous (mat forming, rhizomes horizontal to suberect, branched).
Stems

1 or 2–4, loosely clustered, glabrous or sparsely tomentose proximally.

usually 1 (sometimes more, clustered), usually glabrous, sometimes bases and leaf axils tomentose.

Basal leaves

petiolate;

blades lanceolate to narrowly elliptic or oblanceolate, 30–60+ × 10–20+ mm, bases tapering, sometimes obtuse, margins subentire to dentate or serrate.

petiolate;

blades ovate to obovate, lyrate, or reniform, 10–30+ × 10–25+ mm, bases cuneate (sometimes tapering to winged petioles) to subcordate or contracted, margins crenate, dentate, or weakly lobed.

Cauline leaves

gradually reduced (proximals petiolate, sublyrate; mids sessile, not clasping, lanceolate, dissected, incised, or lacerate; distals sessile, bractlike).

abruptly reduced (sessile, not clasping; lanceolate, entire or pinnately lobed to pinnatisect).

Peduncles

usually bracteate, sometimes ebracteate, glabrous.

0 or relatively reduced (then densely tomentose).

Ray florets

0, 8, or 13;

corolla laminae (pale yellow) 5–10+ mm.

0 or 11–13;

corolla laminae (yellow, purple streaks in veins) 10–14+ mm.

Disc florets

50–65+;

corolla tubes 2–3 mm, limbs 2–3 mm.

60–75+;

corolla tubes 2–2.5 mm, limbs 4–5 mm.

Phyllaries

13 or 21, green, 5–8+ mm, glabrous.

21, deep red or green (tips red), 6–8 mm, glabrous.

Calyculi

inconspicuous.

conspicuous (bractlets cyanic).

Heads

2–10+ in loose or compact, corymbiform arrays.

1–2.

Cypselae

1–2 mm, usually glabrous, sometimes hispidulous on ribs;

pappi 3.5–4.5 mm.

1.5–2 mm, glabrous;

pappi 5–6 mm.

2n

= 44, 46, 92.

= 46, 92, 138.

Packera paupercula

Packera cymbalaria

Phenology Flowering May–late Jun (south), late Jun–early Aug (north). Flowering mid Jun–early Aug.
Habitat Wet meadows, open woodlands, along streams, rocky outcrops Exposed rocky slopes, tundra turf
Elevation 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) 0–1900 m (0–6200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AK; AL; CO; DC; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MT; NC; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; SD; TN; UT; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; NU; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; AB; BC; NF; NT; QC; YT
[WildflowerSearch map]
Discussion

Ecologically and morphologically, Packera paupercula is the most variable species of the genus in North America. Some “phases” have been treated as separate species, subspecies, varieties, forms, and races. Variation within P. paupercula hints at some interesting evolutionary relationships; characteristics used to separate taxa overlap. Much of the morphologic variation in this species may be due to hybridization and introgression. I do not recognize any of the infraspecific taxa that have been proposed.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Packera cymbalaria occurs in three, disjunct regions: western Alaska eastward into western N.W.T. and south into northwestern British Columbia; Newfoundland and the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec; and Siberia. Considerable morphologic overlap exists between western and eastern populations in North America; western populations have slightly different flavonoid chemistries and chromosome numbers. Western populations are either diploid or tetraploid; eastern populations are hexaploid. The correct name for this species may prove to be Packera heterophylla (Fischer) E. Wiebe, based on Cineraria heterophylla Fischer.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 20, p. 595. FNA vol. 20, p. 583.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Senecioneae > Packera Asteraceae > tribe Senecioneae > Packera
Sibling taxa
P. anonyma, P. antennariifolia, P. aurea, P. bernardina, P. bolanderi, P. breweri, P. cana, P. cardamine, P. castoreus, P. clevelandii, P. contermina, P. crocata, P. cymbalaria, P. cynthioides, P. debilis, P. dimorphophylla, P. eurycephala, P. fendleri, P. flettii, P. franciscana, P. ganderi, P. glabella, P. greenei, P. hartiana, P. hesperia, P. hyperborealis, P. indecora, P. ionophylla, P. layneae, P. macounii, P. malmstenii, P. millefolium, P. millelobata, P. multilobata, P. musiniensis, P. neomexicana, P. obovata, P. ogotorukensis, P. pauciflora, P. plattensis, P. porteri, P. pseudaurea, P. quercetorum, P. sanguisorboides, P. schweinitziana, P. spellenbergii, P. streptanthifolia, P. subnuda, P. tampicana, P. texensis, P. tomentosa, P. tridenticulata, P. werneriifolia
P. anonyma, P. antennariifolia, P. aurea, P. bernardina, P. bolanderi, P. breweri, P. cana, P. cardamine, P. castoreus, P. clevelandii, P. contermina, P. crocata, P. cynthioides, P. debilis, P. dimorphophylla, P. eurycephala, P. fendleri, P. flettii, P. franciscana, P. ganderi, P. glabella, P. greenei, P. hartiana, P. hesperia, P. hyperborealis, P. indecora, P. ionophylla, P. layneae, P. macounii, P. malmstenii, P. millefolium, P. millelobata, P. multilobata, P. musiniensis, P. neomexicana, P. obovata, P. ogotorukensis, P. pauciflora, P. paupercula, P. plattensis, P. porteri, P. pseudaurea, P. quercetorum, P. sanguisorboides, P. schweinitziana, P. spellenbergii, P. streptanthifolia, P. subnuda, P. tampicana, P. texensis, P. tomentosa, P. tridenticulata, P. werneriifolia
Synonyms Senecio pauperculus, Senecio balsamitae, Senecio balsamitae var. firmifolius, Senecio balsamitae var. thomsoniensis, Senecio crawfordii, Senecio flavovirens, Senecio gaspensis, Senecio multnomensis, Senecio robbinsii var. subtomentosus, Senecio tweedyi Senecio cymbalaria, Cineraria lyrata, P. resedifolia, S. fernaldii, S. resedifolius
Name authority (Michaux) Á. Löve & D. Löve: Bot. Not. 128: 520. (1976) (Pursh) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve: Bot. Not. 128: 497. (1976)
Web links