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plains pricklypear

cockspur pricklypear, dune prickly-pear, sandbur pricklypear

Habit Shrubs, low, to 0.4 m, creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks. Shrubs, creeping, often forming mats, trailing, to 0.1 m. Stem segments easily detached, green, purplish red under stress, flattened, elliptic to linear, sometimes subcylindric (to subspheric), 2.5–5(–8) × 1.2–2.5 cm, tuberculate, glabrous; areoles 2–5 per diagonal row across midstem segment, subcircular, 2–3 mm diam.; wool tan to gray.
Stem

segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age, wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous;

areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular, 2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm;

wool tan, aging brown.

Spines

1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment, white to gray with pale brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout;

central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened, occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm; small spines (2–)3–6(–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm.

(0–)1–2(–4) per areole, in distal 3/4 of stem segment areoles (to nearly spineless), porrect to spreading, red-brown, aging gray, stout, straight, terete, to 30 mm, strongly barbed.

Glochids

forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm.

in crescent at adaxial edge of areole, pale yellow, aging brown, to 3 mm, longest at areole apex.

Flowers

inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base, broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate;

filaments usually pale yellow;

anthers yellow;

style whitish to pale green;

stigma lobes greenish.

inner tepals yellow throughout, 20–30 mm;

filaments and anthers yellow;

style and stigma lobes white.

Fruits

purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so;

umbilicus deep;

areoles 18–30.

green becoming red-purple at late maturity, barrel-shaped, 18–30 × 12–20 mm, fleshy, glabrous, spineless;

areoles 8–16.

Seeds

whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm;

girdle protruding 1–2 mm.

tan, subcircular, flattened, 4–6 mm diam.;

girdle slightly protruding.

2n

= 44, 66.

= 44.

Opuntia tortispina

Opuntia pusilla

Phenology Flowering spring–early summer (Apr–Jul). Flowering spring (Apr–May).
Habitat Grass-lands, pinyon-juniper-oak woodlands, sandy or shaley flats, rocky hills Dune and pine scrub, primarily coastal, sandy openings, dunes, or rocky outcrops
Elevation 1400-1800 m (4600-5900 ft) 0-100 m (0-300 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CO; KS; NE; NM; OK; TX; WY
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; MS; NC; SC; TX; Ga
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Opuntia tortispina is apparently of hybrid origin. It has intermediate character states from its putative parents, O. macrorhiza (fleshy and spineless fruits) and O. polyacantha (areoles with basal deflexed spines and barrel-shaped fruits). The spirally twisted spines, which the specific epithet implies, are not at all characteristic for this species. When O. tortispina and O. cymochila are considered conspecific, the former has priority, as first selected by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose (1919–1923, vol. 1).

One favored hypothesis as to the origins is that the O. humifusa-O. macrorhiza-O. pottsii complex spread across the United States from the east coast to Arizona. Opuntia polyacantha originated in north-central Mexico and spread northward. Tetraploid O. macrorhiza came into contact with the east flank of O. polyacantha and hybridized (probably repeatedly, even at present), producing the highly variable taxon referred to here as O. tortispina, which then spread eastward onto the plains. Opuntia tortispina has hexaploid members, presumably from unions of reduced and unreduced gametes. Those hexaploids apparently hybridize with hexaploid O. phaeacantha and add further to variation of O. tortispina. Many of these variations have been formally named or since treated as synonyms of O. macrorhiza.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 4, p. 132. FNA vol. 4, p. 130.
Parent taxa Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia Cactaceae > subfam. Opuntioideae > Opuntia
Sibling taxa
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. pusilla, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
O. aciculata, O. atrispina, O. aurea, O. aureispina, O. basilaris, O. chisosensis, O. chlorotica, O. cubensis, O. ellisiana, O. engelmannii, O. ficus-indica, O. fragilis, O. humifusa, O. littoralis, O. macrocentra, O. macrorhiza, O. microdasys, O. oricola, O. phaeacantha, O. pinkavae, O. polyacantha, O. pottsii, O. rufida, O. santa-rita, O. stricta, O. strigil, O. tortispina, O. triacantha, O. ×columbiana, O. ×curvispina, O. ×occidentalis, O. ×spinosibacca, O. ×vaseyi
Synonyms O. cymochila, O. mackensenii, O. tortispina var. cymochila Cactus pusillus, O. drummondii, O. tracyi
Name authority Engelmann & J. M. Bigelow: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 3: 293. (1856) (Haworth) Haworth: Syn. Pl. Succ., 195. (1812)
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